Difference between revisions of "Caslon Language Education Wikimedia (M)"

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==mainstream multilingual and bilingual models==
 
==mainstream multilingual and bilingual models==
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|Additive bilingual]] programs for [[#majority language|majority language]] speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
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* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|Additive bilingual]] programs for [[#majority language|majority language]] speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==maintenance bilingual education==
 
==maintenance bilingual education==
* A model or type of developmental [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual education|bilingual education]] for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] and, at times, English speakers who are proficient in the target language. These programs last at least five years. Their goals are [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingualism]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#biliteracy/biliterate|biliteracy]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic achievement|academic achievement]] in two languages, and positive cultural identity development. These programs are also referred to as [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(O)#one-way developmental bilingual education|one-way developmental bilingual programs]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//hamayan.else.sped/ Else Hamayan], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//marler.barbara/ Barbara Marler], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//sanchez-lopez.cristina/ Cristina Sánchez-López], and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//damico.jack/ Jack Damico]
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* A model or type of developmental [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual education|bilingual education]] for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] and, at times, English speakers who are proficient in the target language. These programs last at least five years. Their goals are [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingualism]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#biliteracy/biliterate|biliteracy]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic achievement|academic achievement]] in two languages, and positive cultural identity development. These programs are also referred to as [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(O)#one-way developmental bilingual education|one-way developmental bilingual programs]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>] by [[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
  
 
==maintenance bilingual program==
 
==maintenance bilingual program==
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|Additive bilingual]] program for [[#minority or dominated languages|minority language]] speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
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* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|Additive bilingual]] program for [[#minority or dominated languages|minority language]] speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==majority language==
 
==majority language==
* The dominant societal language (e.g., English in the United States). This language is the higher status, more powerful language in society and often is used for official or public purposes (e.g., education, government, mainstream media).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//hamayan.else.ell/ Else Hamayan] and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//field.rebecca/ Rebecca Field]
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* The dominant societal language (e.g., English in the United States). This language is the higher status, more powerful language in society and often is used for official or public purposes (e.g., education, government, mainstream media).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
* The language spoken by the majority of people in a described location (school, community, or state), or the official language of the location—even if fewer than half of the people in the area are fluent in that language. Compare to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#language minority|minority language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//nemeth.karen/ Karen N. Nemeth]
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* The language spoken by the majority of people in a described location (school, community, or state), or the official language of the location—even if fewer than half of the people in the area are fluent in that language. Compare to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#language minority|minority language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
  
 
==maximal bilinguals==
 
==maximal bilinguals==
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==meaning-based literacy==
 
==meaning-based literacy==
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|Literacy]] instruction that is meaningful and functional for the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#emergent bilingual|emergent]] readers or writers. In meaning-based [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]], the text, writing activities, skills and tasks are taught in comprehensible, concrete, and engaging contexts that the learners can relate to personally (Fife, 2006). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wagner.suzanne/ Suzanne Wagner] and [[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//king.tamara/ Tamara King]
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* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|Literacy]] instruction that is meaningful and functional for the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#emergent bilingual|emergent]] readers or writers. In meaning-based [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]], the text, writing activities, skills and tasks are taught in comprehensible, concrete, and engaging contexts that the learners can relate to personally (Fife, 2006). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
 
==meta-analysis==
 
==meta-analysis==
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(Q)#Quantitative data|Quantiative]] research methodology that allows researchers to find effect sizes across different studies. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
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* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(Q)#Quantitative data|Quantiative]] research methodology that allows researchers to find effect sizes across different studies. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==metacognition==
 
==metacognition==
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==metalanguage==
 
==metalanguage==
* Thinking and talking about language and, in the case of biliteracy, understanding the relationships between and within languages. It is the language used to talk about language, and its mastery allows students to analyze how language can be leveraged to express meaning. The development of metalanguage includes the ability to identify, analyze, and manipulate language forms and to analyze sounds, symbols, grammar, vocabulary, and language structures between and within languages. It has been identified as one of three fundamental skills, along with the psycholinguistic abilities, necessary to decode and comprehend. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//escamilla.kathy/ Kathy Escamilla], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//hopewell.sue/ Susan Hopewell], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//butvilofsky.sandra/ Sandra Butvilofsky], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//sparrow.wendy/ Wendy Sparrow], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//soltero-gonzales.lucinda/ Lucinda Soltero-González], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//ruiz.figueroa.olivia/ Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//escamilla.manuel/ Manuel Escamilla]
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* Thinking and talking about language and, in the case of biliteracy, understanding the relationships between and within languages. It is the language used to talk about language, and its mastery allows students to analyze how language can be leveraged to express meaning. The development of metalanguage includes the ability to identify, analyze, and manipulate language forms and to analyze sounds, symbols, grammar, vocabulary, and language structures between and within languages. It has been identified as one of three fundamental skills, along with the psycholinguistic abilities, necessary to decode and comprehend. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
 
==metalinguistic awareness==
 
==metalinguistic awareness==
* The understanding of how language works and how it changes and adapts in different circumstances. The teaching of metalinguistic awareness means helping students learn to “think about language” and understand the explicit parts of language that together create the language system. In [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner|bilingual learners]] of Spanish and English, it is the understanding of how the two languages are similar and different. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//beeman.karen/ Karen Beeman] and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//urow.cheryl/ Cheryl Urow]
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* The understanding of how language works and how it changes and adapts in different circumstances. The teaching of metalinguistic awareness means helping students learn to “think about language” and understand the explicit parts of language that together create the language system. In [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner|bilingual learners]] of Spanish and English, it is the understanding of how the two languages are similar and different. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
* The ability to think and talk about language and language systems. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
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* The ability to think and talk about language and language systems. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
* The ability to recognize the components and features of language in general and of the particular languages being developed by the student. This skill is more highly developed in [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner|bilingual]] people. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//nemeth.karen/ Karen N. Nemeth]
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* The ability to recognize the components and features of language in general and of the particular languages being developed by the student. This skill is more highly developed in [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner|bilingual]] people. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
  
 
==metanarratives==
 
==metanarratives==
* National [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#discourse/Discourse|discourses]] that define national identities (who belongs). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
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* National [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#discourse/Discourse|discourses]] that define national identities (who belongs). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==<i>Meyer v. Nebraska</i>==
 
==<i>Meyer v. Nebraska</i>==
* 1954 Supreme Court case involving a parochial school teacher accused of teaching the Bible in German to an elementary-age student. The Court ruled that the state does not have a compelling interest to forbid the teaching of languages other than English in school. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
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* 1954 Supreme Court case involving a parochial school teacher accused of teaching the Bible in German to an elementary-age student. The Court ruled that the state does not have a compelling interest to forbid the teaching of languages other than English in school. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==migrant==
 
==migrant==
* A student whose parent or guardian is a migratory agricultural worker, including workers in the dairy and fishing industries, and who, in the preceding 36 months, has accompanied a parent or guardian who is engaged in temporary or seasonal employment. Some broaden this definition to include students whose parents must move frequently to find any sort of work to support the family, thus frequently interrupting or stopping their education.[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//cloud.nancy/ Nancy Cloud], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//lakin.judah/ Judah Lakin], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//leininger.erin/ Erin Leininger], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//maxwell.laura/ Laura Maxwell]  
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* A student whose parent or guardian is a migratory agricultural worker, including workers in the dairy and fishing industries, and who, in the preceding 36 months, has accompanied a parent or guardian who is engaged in temporary or seasonal employment. Some broaden this definition to include students whose parents must move frequently to find any sort of work to support the family, thus frequently interrupting or stopping their education.[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
  
 
==minimal pairs==
 
==minimal pairs==
* Words that differ by single phoneme (e.g., sand/hand, bit/bet, rag/rat), typically used to help students distinguish specific sounds that change the meanings of words and help them improve their pronunciation. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wright.wayne/ Wayne E. Wright]
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* Words that differ by single phoneme (e.g., sand/hand, bit/bet, rag/rat), typically used to help students distinguish specific sounds that change the meanings of words and help them improve their pronunciation. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==minority or dominated languages==
 
==minority or dominated languages==
* Language used by language groups who are politically and socially placed in a minority situation (status). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
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* Language used by language groups who are politically and socially placed in a minority situation (status). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
* Any language or variety of a language other than the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#majority language|majority language]]. These languages are lower status, less powerful languages in society and are generally used for more private or unofficial purposes (e.g., home or local community institutions). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//hamayan.else.ell/ Else Hamayan] and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//field.rebecca/ Rebecca Field]
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* Any language or variety of a language other than the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#majority language|majority language]]. These languages are lower status, less powerful languages in society and are generally used for more private or unofficial purposes (e.g., home or local community institutions). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
* A language that is spoken by less than half of the people in a described location, or a language that is not the official language or most powerful language influence in a state or area. Compare to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#majority language|majority language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//nemeth.karen/ Karen N. Nemeth]
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* A language that is spoken by less than half of the people in a described location, or a language that is not the official language or most powerful language influence in a state or area. Compare to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#majority language|majority language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
  
 
==model==
 
==model==
* Explicit and interactive instruction where student responsibility for learning is gradually released from teacher modeling and explanation, to guided practice, and then to independent practice. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//escamilla.kathy/ Kathy Escamilla], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//hopewell.sue/ Susan Hopewell], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//butvilofsky.sandra/ Sandra Butvilofsky], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//sparrow.wendy/ Wendy Sparrow], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//soltero-gonzales.lucinda/ Lucinda Soltero-González], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//ruiz.figueroa.olivia/ Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//escamilla.manuel/ Manuel Escamilla]
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* Explicit and interactive instruction where student responsibility for learning is gradually released from teacher modeling and explanation, to guided practice, and then to independent practice. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
 
==modeled writing==
 
==modeled writing==
* A teaching approach where the teacher demonstrates for students the process of writing a text and multiple uses of writing as a communicative and learning tool. In modeled writing, the teacher encodes the message and students watch as they participate orally in the composition of the written piece. The teacher writes the text produced, which is at a higher level than what the students would be able to compose independently. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//escamilla.kathy/ Kathy Escamilla], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//hopewell.sue/ Susan Hopewell], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//butvilofsky.sandra/ Sandra Butvilofsky], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//sparrow.wendy/ Wendy Sparrow], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//soltero-gonzales.lucinda/ Lucinda Soltero-González], [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//ruiz.figueroa.olivia/ Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//escamilla.manuel/ Manuel Escamilla]
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* A teaching approach where the teacher demonstrates for students the process of writing a text and multiple uses of writing as a communicative and learning tool. In modeled writing, the teacher encodes the message and students watch as they participate orally in the composition of the written piece. The teacher writes the text produced, which is at a higher level than what the students would be able to compose independently. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
* Writing instruction in which the teacher constructs a text in enlarged print (e.g., on chart paper), demonstrating a variety of writing strategies and techniques students are expected to learn and use in their own writing. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wright.wayne/ Wayne E. Wright]
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* Writing instruction in which the teacher constructs a text in enlarged print (e.g., on chart paper), demonstrating a variety of writing strategies and techniques students are expected to learn and use in their own writing. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==model performance indicators (MPIs)==
 
==model performance indicators (MPIs)==
* A component of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(W)#World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA)|WIDA]] [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]] standards designed to help teachers plan and differentiate instruction for students based on their level of English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]]. The indicators provide examples of observable language behaviors that [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] at different levels of proficiency can be expected to demonstrate when completing various classroom tasks. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wright.wayne/ Wayne E. Wright]
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* A component of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(W)#World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA)|WIDA]] [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]] standards designed to help teachers plan and differentiate instruction for students based on their level of English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]]. The indicators provide examples of observable language behaviors that [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] at different levels of proficiency can be expected to demonstrate when completing various classroom tasks. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==monoglossic ideology==
 
==monoglossic ideology==
* A belief that languages are autonomous wholes, and thus [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingualism]] is just two separate languages. It is the opposite of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#heteroglossic perspective|heteroglossia]], the Bakhtinian concept that recognizes different voices regardless of what society deems as appropriate language. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://ofeliagarcia.org/ Ofelia García],[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Susana Ibarra Johnson], and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Kate Seltzer]
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* A belief that languages are autonomous wholes, and thus [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingualism]] is just two separate languages. It is the opposite of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#heteroglossic perspective|heteroglossia]], the Bakhtinian concept that recognizes different voices regardless of what society deems as appropriate language. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
  
 
==monoglossic perspective==
 
==monoglossic perspective==
* Views [[#monolingual|monolingualism]] as the norm and treats the languages of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner|bilinguals]] as two separate distinct systems, as if students are two [[#monolingual|monolinguals]] in one (double monolingualism). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wright.wayne/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Views [[#monolingual|monolingualism]] as the norm and treats the languages of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner|bilinguals]] as two separate distinct systems, as if students are two [[#monolingual|monolinguals]] in one (double monolingualism). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==monolingual==
 
==monolingual==
Line 103: Line 103:
  
 
==moribund languages==
 
==moribund languages==
* Languages that are no longer used by children. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
+
* Languages that are no longer used by children. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==morphology==
 
==morphology==
* The study of the meaningful parts of words, such as prefixes and suffixes. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//beeman.karen/ Karen Beeman] and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//urow.cheryl/ Cheryl Urow]
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* The study of the meaningful parts of words, such as prefixes and suffixes. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
* The study of the structure of words. The central unit of study is the morpheme, the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wright.wayne/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* The study of the structure of words. The central unit of study is the morpheme, the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==multilingual ecology==
 
==multilingual ecology==
* Refers to the ways in which the different language practices of a community are reflected in schools and classrooms. It can refer to visual features (e.g., bulletin boards, signage, posters, and student work in multiple languages) and audible features (e.g., talk, announcements, and songs). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://ofeliagarcia.org/ Ofelia García],[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Susana Ibarra Johnson], and [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Kate Seltzer]
+
* Refers to the ways in which the different language practices of a community are reflected in schools and classrooms. It can refer to visual features (e.g., bulletin boards, signage, posters, and student work in multiple languages) and audible features (e.g., talk, announcements, and songs). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
  
 
==multilingualism==
 
==multilingualism==
* Development of linguistic repertoires in more than two languages. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//dejong.ester/  Ester de Jong]
+
* Development of linguistic repertoires in more than two languages. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==multiple measures==
 
==multiple measures==
* Different forms of formal and informal [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#formative assessment|formative]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#summative assessment(s)|summative assessments]] used together to provide accurate measures of what a student knows and can do. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wright.wayne/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Different forms of formal and informal [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#formative assessment|formative]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#summative assessment(s)|summative assessments]] used together to provide accurate measures of what a student knows and can do. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==multitrait scoring==
 
==multitrait scoring==
* Refers to scoring a piece of student writing by considering several traits, for example, clear opinion (main idea), adequate details to support the opinion, and a strong conclusion. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/landing//wright.wayne/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Refers to scoring a piece of student writing by considering several traits, for example, clear opinion (main idea), adequate details to support the opinion, and a strong conclusion. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
  [[#Caslon Language Education Index|Top]]
 
  [[#Caslon Language Education Index|Top]]

Revision as of 18:45, 11 November 2016

Caslon Language Education Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

mainstream multilingual and bilingual models

maintenance bilingual education

maintenance bilingual program

majority language

  • The language spoken by the majority of people in a described location (school, community, or state), or the official language of the location—even if fewer than half of the people in the area are fluent in that language. Compare to minority language. Young Dual Language Learners by Karen N. Nemeth

maximal bilinguals

meaning-based literacy

meta-analysis

metacognition

  • Higher-order thinking that involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning. Activities such as planning how to approach a given learning task, monitoring comprehension, and evaluating progress toward the completion of a task are metacognitive in nature.

metalanguage

metalinguistic awareness

  • The understanding of how language works and how it changes and adapts in different circumstances. The teaching of metalinguistic awareness means helping students learn to “think about language” and understand the explicit parts of language that together create the language system. In bilingual learners of Spanish and English, it is the understanding of how the two languages are similar and different. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

metanarratives

Meyer v. Nebraska

  • 1954 Supreme Court case involving a parochial school teacher accused of teaching the Bible in German to an elementary-age student. The Court ruled that the state does not have a compelling interest to forbid the teaching of languages other than English in school. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

migrant

  • A student whose parent or guardian is a migratory agricultural worker, including workers in the dairy and fishing industries, and who, in the preceding 36 months, has accompanied a parent or guardian who is engaged in temporary or seasonal employment. Some broaden this definition to include students whose parents must move frequently to find any sort of work to support the family, thus frequently interrupting or stopping their education.Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell

minimal pairs

minority or dominated languages

model

modeled writing

model performance indicators (MPIs)

monoglossic ideology

monoglossic perspective

monolingual

  • Commonly used to refer to a person or program that uses only one language. Given that all language users speak multiple varieties of the same language, the notion of a monolingual speaker is somewhat misleading. Given that all programs include students that use more than one language or variety of a language, the notion of a monolingual program is also somewhat misleading.

moribund languages

morphology

multilingual ecology

multilingualism

multiple measures

multitrait scoring

Top