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Caslon Language Education Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

paired literacy instruction

• A holistic approach to teaching reading and writing where students learn to read and write in two languages simultaneously, beginning in kindergarten. Paired literacy practices are not duplicative and do not involve concurrent translation. Biliteracy from the Start by Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla

parental involvement

• The direct involvement or active engagement of parents in the education of their children. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

partner reading

• Pairs of students take turns reading aloud to one another. Biliteracy from the Start by Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla

peer assessment

• Students’ assessment of each other’s work or performances. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

percentile

• A statistic descriptive of results from a standardized test determined from a mean and standard deviation of a normal distribution of scores that represents non-equal interval data along the bell curve. Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs by Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen

performance assessment

• Often used as a synonym for alternative or authentic assessment, a form of assessment that requires students to perform a task rather than take a teacher-made or statewide test. In performance assessment, teachers rate an actual student performance according to previously established criteria. Students may either perform a task or create a product and are assessed on both the process and the end result of their work (see alternative assessment; see authentic assessment). Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell
• Original student work and performance that are interpreted with scoring guides or rubrics. Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs by Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen
• A form of assessment in which students are evaluated on their ability to perform a specific academic task or set of related tasks (e.g., use oral language to role play interactions at the market, write an essay, conduct a science experiment, measure and compare a set of objects using a scale). Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

performance indicator

• A written statement that describes what students must be able to do to indicate their learning of content according to their level of proficiency. In WIDA (World Class Instructional Design and Assessment) Consortium states, a performance indicator consists of a description of the linguistic complexity (amount and quality of speech or writing) for a given situation, the level of vocabulary (specificity of words or phrases for a given context), and the language control a student must exhibit (the comprehensibility of the communication based on the number and type of errors).Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell

personal word book

• A book provided for each student that contains a list of high-frequency words and other words students commonly ask for when they write, and space under each letter section for students to record their own words as they progress through the school year. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

phonics

• A component of reading instruction in which students learn the phonetic value (i.e., sounds) of individual letters and combinations of letters. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

phonological awareness

• Understanding of how words sound, apart from what words mean. For example, understanding that the word “kitchen” has two spoken parts (syllables), that the word “bed” rhymes with “bread,” and that the words “cat” and “king” begin with the same sound (Burns, Griffin, and Snow, 1999). Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

phonology

• The study of the sound system of a language. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow
• The study of the sound systems of languages.Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

picture walk

• Active reading strategy in which students look at pictures from a book and turn and talk about them with a partner, using sentence prompts and a word bank. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell

pluralist discourses

• Ways of thinking and talking about the world that consider linguistic and cultural diversity as a resource for sociocultural, political, and economic development. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong
• Discourses that recognize ELLs’ home languages and cultures as rich resources for helping them learn English and academic content and that strive to help them develop high levels of proficiency and literacy in both languages (also called multilingual discourses). Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

portfolio assessment

• A portfolio is a purposeful collection of a student’s work that documents his or her efforts, progress, and achievements over time in given areas of learning, either language or subject matter, or both. Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell
• Assessment of a student’s learning through the longitudinal collection and analysis of student work related to specific learning objectives. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong
• Assessment of student work collected throughout the school year and organized in a portfolio. Enables the assessment of students’ progress and growth based on authentic samples of student work. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

pragmatics

• The study of how language is used and the larger context in which it is used. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow
• The study of language in use, that is, how individuals produce and interpret language in social interaction in specific contexts. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

preview-view-review strategy

• Bilingual teaching strategy that uses the native langauge for preview and review, and the second language for concept reinforcement and language development (view). Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong
• A form of primary language support in which a lesson or read-aloud to be conducted in English is previewed, and then reviewed, in the native language of the ELLs. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

primary language

• The stronger language in a bilingual learner’s linguistic repertoire; the term “dominant language” is often used in the field to refer to this notion. Although the terms “first language,” “native language,” and “mother tongue” are also often used to refer to this notion, these terms obscure the fact that a bilingual learner may be acquiring more than one language at a time (see also sequential language acquisition vs. simultaneous language acquisition) as well as the fact that a person’s “first” or “native” language may not be their stronger language. English Language Learners at School by Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field
• Describes the first language that children learn at home. In the language education field, the terms primary language, native language, and first language are synonymous. Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners by Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King

primary language instruction

• Primary language instruction describes language, literacy and content instruction taught in the learners’ primary language by certified bilingual teachers in bilingual classroom settings. Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners by Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King

primary language support (PLS)

• Using students’ primary language during sheltered English instruction to support and scaffold students’ content-area learning in English. English Language Learners at School by Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field
• Describes the use of the primary language (by bilingual teachers, aides, or tutors) to support the concepts and instruction that the ELLs are taught in English in general education (elementary) and content (secondary) classrooms. Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners by Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King
• Using a student’s home language during English as a second language (ESL) or sheltered-English content-area instruction to make the English instruction more comprehensible.Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

primary trait scoring

• Refers to scoring a piece of student writing by focusing on a specific trait, for example, the ability to craft a thesis statement in a persuasive essay. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

principle of affirming identities

• Stresses the importance of validating and making visible cultural diversity. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

principle of educational equity

• Stresses nondiscriminatory practices and the equal value of every human being. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

principle of promoting additive bi/multilingualism

• Stresses the importance of developing multilingual repertoires. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

principle of structuring for integration

• Focuses on equal access to meaningful participation at the classroom, program, and school level. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

process writing

• A form of writing instruction in which students are guided through five stages: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Often taught through a collaborative approach called Writer’s Workshop. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

proficiency (level of, stage of)

• The ability to use language for both basic communicative tasks and academic purposes. Proficiency definitions usually include aspects pertaining to the amount of language used, the grammatical control or number of errors, and the range of vocabulary the individual is able to use. Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell

proficient English learners

• Former English language learners who have transitioned from language support services. Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs by Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen

Proposition 203

• 2000 English-only ballot initiative in Arizona, similar to Proposition 227 and Question 2. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong
• An English for the Children voter initiative passed in Arizona in 2000, placing restrictions on bilingual education. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

Proposition 227

• State legislation making English-only placement the default placement for ELLs in California (1998). Bilingual option can be pursued only through a separate waiver process. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong
• An English for the Children voter initiative passed in California in 1998, placing restrictions on bilingual education. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

pull factors

• Positive factors about a country or community that draw people to move and settle there. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

pull-in ESL

• An ELL program model in which the English as a second language (ESL) teacher goes into the regular classroom to work with the classroom teacher and her ELLs. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

pull-out ESL

• In this ESL instructional model, English language learners are enrolled in mainstream classes, but at different points throughout the day are pulled out of those classes for specific ESL instruction. Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell
• A teaching arrangement whereby a specialist teacher (such as ESL or bilingual) takes small groups of students out of the mainstream classroom for short periods of time to give them specialized support (such as ESL or native language instruction). English Language Learners at School by Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field
• A program model for ELLs in which students are placed in mainstream or sheltered English immersion classrooms but are regularly pulled out of class for English as a second language (ESL) lessons taught by an ESL teacher. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, second edition by Wayne E. Wright

pull-out second language classes

• Classes taught by specialist second language teachers who take students out of the standard curriculum classroom for a portion of the day. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

push factors

• Negative factors in their home community or country that drive people to migrate push-in second language model. Monolingual model in which a specialist second language teacher works in the classroom with the standard curriculum teacher, keeping ELLs with their fluent English-speaking peers. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

push-in ESL

• In this ESL instructional model, the English language learners are enrolled in mainstream classes, but an ESL teacher is in class with them providing support, much as inclusion special educators do. In this situation the ESL teacher and the classroom teacher usually work together to support the students and often share common planning time. Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell
• A teaching arrangement whereby a specialist teacher (such as ESL or bilingual) comes into the mainstream classroom to give specialized support to a small number of students, or to help the mainstream teacher who has those students in her or his classroom. English Language Learners at School by Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field

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