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Caslon Language Education Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

targeted support and improvement (TSI)

• An intervention plan that school districts must implement in cases where one or more subgroups of students are consistently underperforming on state tests and other achievement measures, as required under the Every Student Succeeds Act. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

teacher-led small groups

• A reading approach where the teacher addresses specific students’ needs with regard to reading skills, comprehension strategies, and interests. Small reading groups are formed based on students’ areas of interest rather than reading levels. Biliteracy from the Start by Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla

Teacher Assistance Team

• School-based problem-solving team designed to combine the knowledge and expertise of the team members in a collaborative fashion to meet the needs of students in general education who are experiencing academic difficulties. Also known as Student Support Teams or Student Services Teams, they are intended to be a general education initiative for problem solving prior to special education alternatives. Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners, second edition by Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico

teaching for transfer

• Teaching that recognizes and values the vast store of knowledge students have in their home language and that enables students to effectively draw on this knowledge when learning or learning through their new language. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

teaching to the potential

• Understanding what emerging bilingual students are capable of doing in both languages in order to inform paired literacy instruction. Students are held accountable for using and accessing all of their knowledge, regardless of the language of the environment. Teachers use their knowledge of a student’s entire linguistic repertoire to plan explicit instruction and make cross-language connections to accelerate biliterate development. Biliteracy from the Start by Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla

Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)

• TESOL is an international association of professionals advancing the quality of English language teaching through professional development, research, standards, and advocacy. - See more at: http://www.tesol.org/about-tesol/association-governance#sthash.XcJz5e0g.dpuf

test bias

• Occurs as a result lack of familiarity with (standardized) tests and to fill them out. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

testing

• The administration of tests, singular instruments designed to systematically measure a sample of a student’s ability at one particular time. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

text complexity

• A combination of qualitative and quantitative measures to determine the level of reading difficulty of a book or other text. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

TheDictado

• A method to teach content, conventions, grammar, and spelling in an integrated way. It involves having the teacher dictate a series of phrases or sentences to the students. The students and teacher then collaborate to create a corrected model of the focus text. Students amend their sentences using a two-color system to draw attention to errors. The same phrases or sentences are repeated throughout the week, giving students multiple opportunities to practice and learn the targeted content, conventions, grammar, and spelling. TheDictado is adapted from Latin American schools and provides multiple opportunities for within-language and cross-language metalinguistic development. Biliteracy from the Start by Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla

thematic teaching

• Teaching a series of content-area lessons across different content areas, focusing on a unifying topic or theme. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

thematic word chart

• A list of key vocabulary related to a theme currently under study. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

think-tank model

• An organization that performs research and advocacy.

Tier 1 Intervention

• Level of core instructional programming or universal intervention at which the instruction employed is available to all students.

Tier 2 Intervention

• Instructional safety net that works in concert with Tier 1 by adding both time and instructional intensity into the school day, those students provided with Tier 2 interventions are typically given more individualized intervention (Howard, 2009).

Tier 3 Intervention

• Level of intensive intervention. This level of support may entail specialized individualized interventions for students with significant needs (Fletcher, Denton, Fuchs, & Vaughn, 2005; Fuchs, 2002; Howard, 2009).

threatened languages

• Languages that a decreasing number of children are learning. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

threshold hypothesis

• Theoretical hypothesis put forth by Cummins claiming that there may be a minimum level of bilingualism necessary in order to observe positive cognitive effects and avoid negative effects. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

time-on-task argument

• The more time spend in the second language, the better the language will be learned, with the implication that time spend in the native language detracts from second language acquisition. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

• Federal program that provides funding to local school districts to improve the academic achievement of disadvantaged students first passed in 1965. That Act is reauthorized by Congress from time to time, and often given a new name.

Title III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

• Part of the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 proposed and signed into law by the George W. Bush Administration. It is specifically targeted to benefit Limited English Proficient (LEP) children and immigrant youth.

Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

• Bilingual Education Act funding bilingual education at the federal level between 1968 and 2000. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

top-down perspective

• When decisions are made at a high (e.g., state) level with no connection to educators, students, or parents. From 4.1 (Lawrence and Darnall) in Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners edited by Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro

total physical response (TPR)

• Instructional strategy used to introduce academic concepts in a concrete and comprehensible manner. The teacher models academic oral language accompanied by pictures, realia, and movements. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

• A language teaching method developed by Asher (1969) that links language and conceptual development with physical movement to support learning. The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners by Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang

• A language teaching approach in which students physically respond to language input (e.g., commands) to internalize the meaning and to demonstrate their comprehension of the language. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

trajectory toward biliteracy

• A framework for documenting patterns of development and growth in Spanish and English for emerging bilingual children who are receiving paired literacy instruction. Children’s achievement is expressed in terms of biliteracy development rather than by grade levels or other monolingual norms that separate the two languages. Spanish literacy outcomes may be slightly ahead of the English literacy outcomes in this trajectory. Biliteracy from the Start by Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla

transfer

• Process wherein the knowledge or skills learned in one language is applied in the second language. Transfer can be general such as reading comprehension and strategy use, or specific such as word recognition, vocabulary, and spelling. Transfer can be positive and help the learner (as in the area of cognates), or transfer can be negative and result in errors or interference, as in incorrect word order or false cognates. Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners, second edition by Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico

transitional bilingual education (TBE)

• Subtractive bilingual education model for minority language speakers in which the native language is used only temporarily as a bridge to learning the societal language. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

• A type of bilingual education where the home language is used progressively less and less, until such time as a student is deemed fluent in English and can transfer to a monolingual classroom. The goal is for these emergent bilinguals to achieve academically in English as they develop English for academic purposes. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

• A model of bilingual education that provides content-area instruction to English language learners (ELLs) in their native language while they learn English (to varying extents for varying lengths of time). As the ELLs acquire English, they move to all-English mainstream classes, typically after one to three years (also known as early-exit bilingual programs). English Language Learners at School, second edition by Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field

• A model or type of bilingual education that targets English language learners. The student’s primary language is used for some content-area instruction for a limited number of years (generally one to three years in early exit programs and four to five years in late-exit programs). These programs aim to promote mastery of academic material while students are learning English. As ELLs become proficient in English, they transition from the bilingual program to the all-English academic mainstream. Bilingual profiency is not a goal of this model.Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners, second edition by Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico

• An education program provided mostly in the student’s home language for the purpose of preparing him or her for exit to general education in English as soon as possible. Young Dual Language Learners by Karen N. Nemeth

• A type of bilingual education where the home language is used progressively less and less, until such time as a student is deemed fluent in English and can transfer to a monolingual classroom. The goal is for these emergent bilinguals to achieve academically in English as they develop English for academic purposes. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

• A program model for ELLs in which home language content-area instruction is provided for the first few years of the program, in addition to sheltered-English content-area instruction and English as a second language (ESL). The amount of native language instruction decreases as sheltered English immersion increases. Students are transitioned to mainstream classrooms after just a few years in the program. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

transitional bilingual program

• Program that uses Spanish for a limited number of years while students learn English. Once students are considered to be English proficient, they are educated as monolingual English speakers and are assumed to have no further need of Spanish. This is a subtractive program that aims for English proficiency. It is often early exit, lasting for 3 years or less. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

• Students receive instruction in their non-English language while they are learning English. English eventually replaces the students’ first language. The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners by Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang

translanguaging

• Dynamic view of code-switching that focuses on how code-switching is used for different communicative purposes and meaning making. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

• The theory that posits that bilinguals have one unitary language system that enables them to use all the language features fluidly. It also refers to the pedagogy that leverages that fluid language use. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

• The rule-governed integration of two languages to communicate thoughts, feelings, and ideas. Translanguaging also refers to the study of the similarities and differences between two languages through comparison and translation activities. The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners by Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang

• The use of bilingualism to create and make sense of bilingual worlds. Enriching Practice in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms: A Guide for Teachers and Teacher Educators by Eva Ponte, Christina Higgins

• A commonly used pedagogical approach in bilingual classrooms, where students are presented with opportunities to actively learn and strategically participate using all their languages as resources, depending on their communicative needs (Baker, 2001; García, 2009b; García, Flores, & Woodley, 2012). From 7.11 (Lopez, Guzman-Orth, and Turkan) in Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners edited by Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro

• In its original conceptualization, refers to the practice in which bilinguals receive information in one language and then use or apply it in the other language. In its expanded sense, refers to the natural and normal ways bilinguals use their languages in their everyday lives to make sense of their bilingual worlds. In teaching, refers to pedagogical practices that use bilingualism as a resource rather than ignore it or perceive it as a problem. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

translanguaging classroom

• Refers to the space built collaboratively by the teacher and bilingual students as they leverage their different language practices to teach and learn in deeply creative and critical ways. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

translanguaging corriente

• The flow of students’ bilingual language practices, which is always present wherever we find bilingual students, even in so-called English-only classrooms. The Translanguaging Classroom by [Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

translanguaging design

• The planning of the classroom space, the elements of instruction and assessment, and the strategies to be used with bilingual students. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

translanguaging design cycle

• Refers to the planning of the sequencing of instruction into five stages: explorar, evaluar, imaginar, presentar, and implementar. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

translanguaging objectives

• Planned ways of leveraging bilingualism and ways of knowing so that students can better access both content and language practices valued in school. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

translanguaging pedagogy

• Education that effectively leverages the translanguaging practices of multilingual learners and teachers in bilingual and English-medium-classrooms. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

translanguaging strategies

• Strategies that allow students to draw on the languages and dialects that make up their linguistic repertoire. Students and teachers can leverage these linguistic resources to support student comprehension of complex content and texts, and to engage in academic tasks. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

translanguaging shifts

• Refers to the many moment-by-moment decisions that teachers have to make all the time. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

translanguaging stance

• Refers to the belief that bilingual students’ different language practices need to be leveraged together and performed collaboratively with others. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

translingual practice

• A term used to highlight the ways bilingual students draw on all of their linguistic resources as they produce written texts in English or a mixture of two languages. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

transnationalism

• The phenomenon of back and forth movement between the home country and other countries, supporting identification with multiple national identities two-way immersion (TWI). Integrated model of additive bilingual education for native majority and native minority language speakers. Foundations for Multilingualism in Education by Ester de Jong

two-way bridge

• A model where knowledge and expertise flow equitably across systems, and where an “up-down” educational approach (rather than the current “push down” approach) to child development and learning is valued and implemented. From 3.5 (Reinl) in Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners edited by Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro

two-way dual-language bilingual education (DLBE)

• These DLBE programs, by definition, include equal numbers of students who are learning English and students learning the language other than English. The Translanguaging Classroom by Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer

• There is a mix of students who speak two languages. Students receive instruction in both languages. The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners by Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang

two-language learner

• Student whose knowledge is shared across two languages. In this book, used synonymously with bilingual learner. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

two-way immersion (TWI)

• A dual-language program that supports additive bilingualism, in which language-majority students and language-minority students learn together to become bilingual, biliterate, and bicultural. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

• A program that serves both language-minority and language-majority students in the same classrooms. These programs use each group of students’ first language for academic instruction at certain points during the day or week. They aim for additive bilingualism and biculturalism for both groups of students (see dual-language program). Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell

• See Dual language education. Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs by Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen

• A type of dual language education that targets balanced numbers of English language learners and English speakers and aims for (1) bilingualism, (2) biliteracy, (3) academic achievement in two languages, and (4) positive cultural understanding and intercultural communication. TWI programs provide content-area instruction through two languages to students in integrated classes, and they typically last for five to seven years. There is considerable variation across TWI programs in terms of how they allocate languages for instructional purposes. NOTE: The term dual language is sometimes used as a synonym for two-way immersion programs. This guide takes a broad view of dual language education, by which we mean any bilingual program that promotes bilingualism and biliteracy (that is, additive bilingualism), academic achievement in two languages, and positive cross-cultural understanding for its target populations. Under this broad view, a two-way immersion program is one type of dual language program. English Language Learners at School, second edition by Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field

• A dual language bilingual education program that serves both English speakers and ELLs from the same language background. Variations emphasize the amount of time devoted to each language. In a 50/50 model, half of the instruction is in English and half is in the other target language across several grade levels. In a 90/10 model, instruction begins in kindergarten and 1st grade with 90% of instruction in the home language, and 10% in English. As students move up in grade level, the amount of home language instruction decreases, and the amount of English instruction increases until both make up 50% of instruction time. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

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