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==Caslon Language Education Index==
 
==Caslon Language Education Index==
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[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(Z)|Z]]
  
 
==<i>calco</i> (calque)==
 
==<i>calco</i> (calque)==
* Phrase copied from one language and used in the other, retaining the original meaning; similar to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#linguistic borrowing|linguistic borrowing]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Phrase copied from one language and used in the other, retaining the original meaning; similar to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#linguistic borrowing|linguistic borrowing]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
 
==Canadian immersion programs==
 
==Canadian immersion programs==
* Bilingual programs for majority language speakers in which initial instruction is in the second language and the first language is introduced later. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
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* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual program|Bilingual programs]] for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#majority language|majority language]] speakers in which initial instruction is in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] and the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#first language|first language]] is introduced later. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/ Ester de Jong]
  
 
==<i>Castañeda v. Pickard</i>==
 
==<i>Castañeda v. Pickard</i>==
* 1982 Supreme Court ruling that developed a three-pronged test to determine “appropriate action” to meet the needs of ELLs: expert base, resource allocation, and program outcomes. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* 1982 Supreme Court ruling that developed a three-pronged test to determine “appropriate action” to meet the needs of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]]: expert base, resource allocation, and program outcomes. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/ Ester de Jong]
  
 
==choral reading==
 
==choral reading==
* A method that involves students and teacher reading aloud in unison. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
* A method that involves students and teacher reading aloud in unison. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
 
==circular discourse pattern==
 
==circular discourse pattern==
* Communication style often associated with Spanish that involves the use of multiple words and details to get to the point indirectly. Contrasts with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#linear discourse pattern|linear discourse pattern]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Communication style often associated with Spanish that involves the use of multiple words and details to get to the point indirectly. Contrasts with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#linear discourse pattern|linear discourse pattern]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
 
==circumstantial bilingualism==
 
==circumstantial bilingualism==
* Acquisition context where becoming bilingual is not a choice but a necessity for survival (also folk bilingualism).[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* Acquisition context where becoming bilingual is not a choice but a necessity for survival (also [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#folk bilingualism|folk bilingualism]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/ Ester de Jong]
  
 
==Civil Rights Act (1974)==
 
==Civil Rights Act (1974)==
* Provides for nondiscrimination in public spaces, including schools. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
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* Provides for nondiscrimination in public spaces, including schools. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/ Ester de Jong]
 +
 
 +
==close reading==
 +
* Refers to the way students engage in the reading of a text, particularly a complex text, to fully comprehend the information it contains and the inferences that may be drawn from it. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==clustering==
 +
* The practice of locating specific groups of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] into particular buildings or classrooms to facilitate a particular program approach. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
 
==code-switching==
 
==code-switching==
* Use by a bilingual person of both languages in conversation, usually in a social context where the mixing of languages is appropriate (e.g., <i>"Llegaste tarde"</i> again). Phrases that include code-switching follow grammar and phonological rules. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Use by a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] person of both languages in conversation, usually in a social context where the mixing of languages is appropriate (e.g., <i>"Llegaste tarde"</i> again). Phrases that include code-switching follow grammar and phonological rules. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
* The use of two grammatical systems within the same linguistic exchange; can occur within a phrase or sentence (intrasentential code-switching) and across phrases or sentences (intersentential code-switching); serves multiple functions in bilingual or multilingual conversation or text. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* The alternation of languages within one linguistic context. This may take place within sentences (intrasententially) or in alternating sentences (intersententially). It is rule-governed behavior that requires a high degree of understanding of each of the languages being inserted into the communication. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
  
==cognates==
+
* The use of two grammatical systems within the same linguistic exchange; can occur within a phrase or sentence ([[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#intrasentential code-switching|intrasentential code-switching]]) and across phrases or sentences ([[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#intersentential code-switching|intersentential code-switching]]); serves multiple functions in bilingual or multilingual conversation or text. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
* Words that emanate from the same root and have similar meanings, spellings, and pronunciations. Spanish and English share between 10,000 and 15,000 cognates in the area of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic language|academic language]] (e.g., photosynthesis–<I>fotosíntesis</I>; energy–<i>energía</I>; electricity–<i>electricidad</i>).[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
 
* A word that is related to a word in another language (e.g., observe in English to <i>observar</i> in Spanish). Cognates have a common origin and thus are similar or identical in meaning and often in spelling. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [http://www.ric.edu/tesl/faculty.php Nancy Cloud], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/judah-lakin/11/578/990 Judah Lakin], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/erin-leininger/9/84b/358 Erin Leininger], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/laura-maxwell/46/4a8/167 Laura Maxwell]
+
* The alternation of languages within one linguistic context. This may take place within sentences ([[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#intrasentential code-switching|intrasententially]]) or in alternating sentences ([[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#intersentential code-switching|intersententially)]]. It is rule-governed behavior that requires a high degree of understanding of each of the languages being inserted into the communication. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
* Words from two languages that have similar sounds and meanings. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
 
* Words in different languages that share an etymological root resulting in similar spelling, meaning, and pronunciation. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
* Switching back and forth between language codes that are regarded as separate and autonomous. It considers language only from an external perspective that looks at bilinguals’ language behavior as if they were two [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#monolingual|monolinguals]] in one. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
* Words that are similar in two languages because they come from the same root (e.g., education in English and educación in Spanish). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
 
 +
* The process of alternating the use of two languages during the same conversational event. Although language learners may code switch when they don’t know a word in their second language, code switching is more common among highly proficient [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
 +
 
 +
==cognate(s)==
 +
* Words that emanate from the same root and have similar meanings, spellings, and pronunciations. Spanish and English share between 10,000 and 15,000 cognates in the area of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic language|academic language]] (e.g., photosynthesis–<I>fotosíntesis</I>; energy–<i>energía</I>; electricity–<i>electricidad</i>).[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 +
 
 +
* A word that is related to a word in another language (e.g., observe in English to <i>observar</i> in Spanish). Cognates have a common origin and thus are similar or identical in meaning and often in spelling. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
 +
 
 +
* Words from two languages that have similar sounds and meanings. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 
 +
* Words in different languages that share an etymological root resulting in similar spelling, meaning, and pronunciation. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 +
 
 +
* Pairs of words in two etymologically related languages that have similar meanings and sound very similar, such as elephant and <i>elefante</i>. Showing young [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#dual language learner (DLL)|dual language learners (DLLs)]] the connections between cognates in their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home language]] and English is a successful strategy to help them develop their English language skills. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
 +
 
 +
* Words that have a shared origin and are often spelled similarly across languages (English, and usually Latin or Greek in the case of math). They can be useful for ELLs in their development of lexical knowledge. However, these cousin words must be taught explicitly, otherwise these “clues” may, to use a common English idiom, “be Greek to them.” From 5.14 (Hansen-Thomas) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
* Words that are similar in two languages because they come from the same root (e.g., education in English and <i>educación</i> in Spanish). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==cognate languages==
 +
* Languages that descend from the same language, such as Spanish and French that descend from Latin. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
  
 
==cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)==
 
==cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)==
* A term coined by Jim Cummins that refers to the type of language proficiency that is required to achieve academically. CALP is both context reduced (there is little support in the learning context to facilitate understanding) and cognitively demanding (the concepts are challenging for the learner to grasp). Research has shown that it can take four to nine years to acquire CALP (see [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)|BICS]]).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [http://www.ric.edu/tesl/faculty.php Nancy Cloud], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/judah-lakin/11/578/990 Judah Lakin], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/erin-leininger/9/84b/358 Erin Leininger], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/laura-maxwell/46/4a8/167 Laura Maxwell]
+
* A term coined by [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/187/ Jim Cummins] that refers to the type of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] that is required to achieve academically. CALP is both context reduced (there is little support in the learning context to facilitate understanding) and cognitively demanding (the concepts are challenging for the learner to grasp). Research has shown that it can take four to nine years to acquire CALP (see [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)|BICS]]).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
 +
 
 +
* The second stage of the course of language development for English language learners/emergent bilinguals as explained by [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/187/ Cummins] (1981). It is preceded by basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS). This formulation was very helpful in alerting educators to the possibility that second language learners who sounded fluent might still struggle with many language tasks. Nonetheless, it was widely unrecognized that the BICS–CALP sequence is neither universal nor inevitable. From 2.4 (Snow) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==cognitive approaches==
 
==cognitive approaches==
* Approaches to language learning and teaching focused on the cognitive processes in the brain of the learner. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Approaches to language learning and teaching focused on the cognitive processes in the brain of the learner. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==coherence==
 +
* The clarity about the structure and content of collaboration. A schedule for collaboration may be well conceived and staggered, but intentional affirmation about each teacher’s expertise is a necessary condition for coherence. Its merit is the improvement of each teacher’s instruction and it is regarded as an authentic means of professional development. From 6.2 (Morita-Mullaney) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
==collaboration==
 +
*  Sharing accountability for ELLs’ academic achievement and English language development. Often developed as a teacher-driven initiative it can take many forms, from co-planning to co-teaching. A formal collaborative process, including a collective commitment from administrators, teachers, and parents, can help ensure success and sustainability (Horwitz et al., 2009). From 6.2 (Downs) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
==collaborative inquiry==
 +
* A process of high-level constituent engagement in the presence of high-quality data. From 4.1 (Lawrence and Darnell) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
==collaborative lesson planning==
 +
* Regularly-scheduled meetings during which general education and English language development teachers collectively choose assignments, set clear goals, develop content and language objectives, select important vocabulary, and identify differentiated instruction and assessment strategies that meet learner needs. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
  
 
==collaborative reading==
 
==collaborative reading==
* A reading approach wherein the teacher creates opportunities for children to read with peers and monitors their work for the purpose supporting a deeper understanding of the text. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
* A reading approach wherein the teacher creates opportunities for children to read with peers and monitors their work for the purpose supporting a deeper understanding of the text. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
 
==collaborative writing==
 
==collaborative writing==
* An approach to teaching writing in which children write with their peers and the teacher monitors their work, providing further assistance as needed. It encourages greater student involvement in the actual encoding, revising, editing and publishing processes. It is also an opportunity for students to talk about what they intend to write. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
* An approach to teaching writing in which children write with their peers and the teacher monitors their work, providing further assistance as needed. It encourages greater student involvement in the actual encoding, revising, editing and publishing processes. It is also an opportunity for students to talk about what they intend to write. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 +
 
 +
==collectivistic==
 +
* Quality of cultural groups that tend to emphasize group-based identity, rights, and needs, and privilege the interests of the group over the individual. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
==collocations==
 +
* Groups of words that appear together frequently. From 5.14 (Hansen-Thomas) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
==common assessments==
 +
* Student assessments that are used in more than one classroom. Common assessments are generally developed collaboratively by a team of teachers responsible for the same curriculum or grade level. The teachers implement these common assessments in their classrooms and mutually agree on how they will report and use the data. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
 
==Common Core State Standards (CCSS)==
 
==Common Core State Standards (CCSS)==
* New “next generation” college and career readiness standards in English language arts and mathematics developed by a coalition of states that have been adopted by nearly all states. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* “[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(N)#Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)|Next generation]]” college and career-readiness standards in English language arts and mathematics developed by a coalition of states that have been adopted by nearly all states. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==common measures==
 
==common measures==
* See standard measures. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.wida.us/aboutUs/staffBios/AcadLangLit/margogottlieb.aspx Margo Gottlieb] and [http://www.neiu.edu/academics/college-of-education/faculty/ngoc-diep-t-nguyen-phd Diep Nguyen]
+
* See [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#standard measures|standard measures]].
  
 
==common underlying proficiency (CUP)==
 
==common underlying proficiency (CUP)==
* Developed by Jim Cummins; a model that stresses the interrelatedness of the two language systems of bilinguals in the brain (also think-tank model). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* A model developed by [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/187/ Jim Cummins] that stresses the inter-relatedness of the two language systems of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilinguals]] in the brain (see also [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(T)#think-tank model|think-tank model]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/ Ester de Jong]
  
==communicative competence==
+
* Within a model of language abilities, the deepest level of human processing attribute or capacity that gives rise to all cognitive and linguistic abilities within an individual, regardless of the language(s) used. This proposed attribute accounts for the fact that knowledge or skills that have been learned in one language may readily transfer to the second language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
* Ability to use language apporpriately, according to context. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
  
 
==communicative competence==
 
==communicative competence==
* The ability to use a language to communicate effectively and appropriately with other speakers of the language. Includes grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, and strategic competence.[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Ability to use language apporpriately, according to context. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 
 +
* The ability to use a language to communicate effectively and appropriately with other speakers of that language. Includes grammatical, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#discourse/Discourse|discourse]], sociolinguistic, and strategic competence. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==communicative function==
 
==communicative function==
* The purposes for which language is used. Includes three broad functions: communication (the transmission of information), integration (expression of affiliation and belonging to a particular social group), and expression (the display of individual feelings, ideas, and personality). Examples include asking for or giving information, describing past actions, expressing feelings, and expressing regret. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [http://www.ric.edu/tesl/faculty.php Nancy Cloud], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/judah-lakin/11/578/990 Judah Lakin], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/erin-leininger/9/84b/358 Erin Leininger], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/laura-maxwell/46/4a8/167 Laura Maxwell]
+
* The purposes for which language is used. Includes three broad functions: communication (the transmission of information), integration (expression of affiliation and belonging to a particular social group), and expression (the display of individual feelings, ideas, and personality). Examples include asking for or giving information, describing past actions, expressing feelings, and expressing regret. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]  
  
 
==communicative language teaching (CLT)==
 
==communicative language teaching (CLT)==
* Language teaching approaches, methods, strategies, and techniques that focus on helping students develop communicative competence. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Language teaching approaches, methods, strategies, and techniques that focus on helping students develop communicative competence. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==community-based language schools==
 
==community-based language schools==
* Classes in the minority language organized by the ethnic minority community. (also: complementary schools). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* Classes in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#minority or dominated languages|minority language]] organized by the ethnic minority community (see also complementary schools). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 
 +
==comparative analysis==
 +
* The systematic study of a language pair to identify its structural, syntactical, and semantic differences and similarities. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
 +
 
 +
==complex texts==
 +
* Texts that may be above a students’ independent reading level but that can be made comprehensible through careful [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#scaffolds/scaffolding|scaffolding]]. Complex texts vary in terms of genre and typically have one or
 +
more of the following features: high lexical density, complex syntax, implicit meaning, figurative language, archaic language, literary devices, and others. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==comprehensible input==
 
==comprehensible input==
* Oral or written language that is slightly above a second language learner’s current level of proficiency in the second language and thus provides linguistic input that leads to second language acquisition. Represented by the formula i + 1, where i is the current level of proficiency, and +1 is input slightly above this level. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Introduced by [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/216/ Krashen] (1982) to refer to oral and written language that language learners can understand and that is necessary for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language acquisition|second language acquisition]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
* Language input provided in the classroom in way that is easier for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#dual language learner (DLL)|DLL]] students to understand. This includes the intentional choice of familiar words along with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#scaffolding|scaffolding]] cues, such as visual or gestural supports, for understanding new words. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
 +
 
 +
* A term coined by [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/216/ Krashen] (1985) that describes the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#scaffolding|scaffolding]] process in which teachers explicitly adjust their speech and use instructional supports so that new information is understood. [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] teachers implement comprehensible input by explaining concepts and academic tasks clearly. They use speech appropriate for students’ [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] (slower rate, gestures, simple sentences) without using slang or idioms. They use visuals, graphic organizers, word sorts, word maps, and Venn diagrams to teach vocabulary words and support instruction throughout the lessons. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 +
 
 +
* Oral or written language that is slightly above a second language learner’s current level of proficiency in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] and thus provides linguistic input that leads to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] acquisition. Represented by the formula <i>i</i> + 1, where <i>i</i> is the current level of proficiency, and +1 is input slightly above this level. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==comprehensible output==
 
==comprehensible output==
* Oral or written language produced by a second language speaker that is comprehensible to the individual or individuals with whom he or she is communicating. Second language learners’ need to produce comprehensible output pushes them to pay attention to gaps in their proficiency and thus may prompt them to notice more in the input and motivate them to learn the language they need to express their intended meanings. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Oral or written language produced by a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] speaker that is comprehensible to the individual or individuals with whom he or she is communicating. [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|Second language]] learners’ need to produce comprehensible output pushes them to pay attention to gaps in their proficiency and thus may prompt them to notice more in the input and motivate them to learn the language they need to express their intended meanings. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==comprehensive language education programs==
 +
* Instructional programs for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] that have been designed by a team of educators who take into consideration the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]], academic, and English language needs of the district’s [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELL]] student populations. [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]], and content-area instruction are taught by certified [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual education teacher|bilingual teachers]] and mainstream teachers who have substantial training in [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered instruction]] methods. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 +
 
 +
==comprehensive support and improvement (CSI)==
 +
* An intervention plan for schools that have one or more chronically low-performing subgroups on state tests or other achievement measures, as required by the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015|Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)]]. Districts must establish CSI plans for the lowest 5% of all schools, and for high schools with less than a 67% graduation rate. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==concept attainment==
 
==concept attainment==
* Instructional strategy in which students are provided with a series of appropriate and inappropriate examples of a new concept. Students analyze these appropriate and inappropriate examples to formulate a definition of the concept (Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin, 1956). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Instructional strategy in which students are provided with a series of appropriate and inappropriate examples of a new concept. Students analyze these appropriate and inappropriate examples to formulate a definition of the concept (Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin, 1956). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
 
==concepts of print==
 
==concepts of print==
* Refers to such reading-related issues as understanding the differences between letters and words and words and spaces; knowing where to start reading and how to do a return sweep to continue reading the next line; and understanding the basic features of a book, such as title, front and back cover, and even how to hold it properly. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Important early reading skills that include book holding, understanding print directionality, one-to-one matching of spoken and written words, making connections between illustrations and graphics and print, and recognizing punctuation marks. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
* Emergent literacy skills for young children that reflect basic knowledge about how print functions in text. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
 +
 
 +
* Refers to such reading-related issues as understanding the differences between letters and words and words and spaces; knowing where to start reading and how to do a return sweep to continue reading the next line; and understanding the basic features of a book, such as title, front and back cover, and even how to hold the book properly. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==concurrent translation==
 
==concurrent translation==
* A method of teaching in which every statement the teacher makes is directly translated into a second language. Research has concluded definitively that it is a poor method because it teaches students that they only need to pay attention when information is offered in their more proficient language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
* A method of teaching in which every statement the teacher makes is directly translated into a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]]. Research has concluded definitively that it is a poor method because it teaches students that they only need to pay attention when information is offered in their more proficient language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
*Providing line-by-line translation of teacher instruction or texts into the students’ home language. Considered a poor use of the home language because it removes the need for students to attend to the second language and thus interferes with second language acquisition. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
 
 +
* Providing line-by-line translation of teacher instruction or texts into the students’ [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home language]]. Considered a poor use of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home language]] because it removes the need for students to attend to the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] and thus interferes with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] acquisition. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==connecting language environments==
 
==connecting language environments==
*  Within the Literacy Squared lesson plan template (via genre, theme, literacy objectives, or bilingual texts), students capitalize on their resources in one language to help them understand in the other.[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
*  Within the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#Literacy Squared|Literacy Squared]] lesson plan template (via genre, theme, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#|literacy]] objectives, or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] texts), students capitalize on their resources in one language to help them understand in the other. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 +
 
 +
==consequential validity==
 +
* Validity concerns focused on the consequences associated with the interpretation and use of test scores. Emphasizes that decisions with high-stakes consequences for students, teachers, and schools should not be based on invalid interpretations of student test scores. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==consultation method==
 +
* An alternative to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#pull-in ESL|push-in]] or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#pull-out ESL|pull-out]] services, in which an [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English as a second language (ESL)]] teacher provides consultative support to the classroom teacher but does not provide direct services to a particular child. This method is used in some early childhood programs, particularly at the preschool level. The [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] teacher assists in assessing the child’s language support needs and collaborates with the classroom teacher to plan the teaching strategies to meet the child’s needs. Supports are not provided in isolated periods of direct service, which means they can be embedded in the child’s school day, all day, every day, by the classroom teacher and any other specialists who might work with that child. Compare to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#pull-out ESL|pull-out]] supports/instructions/methods and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#pull-in ESL|push-in]] supports/instructions/methods. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
  
 
==content allocation==
 
==content allocation==
* Language in which each academic subject will be taught, by grade level, in a bilingual or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#dual-language program|dual-language program]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Language in which each academic subject will be taught, by grade level, in a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#dual language program(s)|dual language program]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 +
 
 +
==content assessment==
 +
* Authentic evidence of what a student knows and can do with content. For an [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learner]], content assessment should seek to separate conceptual understanding from language development as long as the language of the content area is not part of what is being assessed. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
  
 
==content-area journal==
 
==content-area journal==
* Place for students to respond in writing to the content they are learning. The focus is on using writing to learn. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Place for students to respond in writing to the content they are learning. The focus is on using writing to learn. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
 
==content-based instruction (CBI)==
 
==content-based instruction (CBI)==
*An approach to second language instruction in which content-area subjects and topics are used as the basis of instruction. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Language instruction in which [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]] is the goal. The [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#big idea(s)|big ideas]] of the content and the requisite terminology of a particular topic are the focus of the language instruction that is designed to reach [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development standards|English language development standards]]. In content-based [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]], teachers use the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#big idea|big ideas]] of content topics in various content areas (e.g., science, social studies, math, language arts) as a vehicle to learn [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic language|academic language]] in English. To make [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] instruction comprehensible, they implement multiple vocabulary-building strategies and use graphic, sensory, and interactive supports to differentiate instruction and assessment according to the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]]’ English proficiency levels. The origins of content-based [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] methodology, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sheltered English instruction|sheltered instruction]], and sheltered strategies are based on [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/216/ Krashen’s] [[#comprehensible input|comprehensible input]] theory. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 +
 
 +
* An approach to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]] instruction in which content-area subjects and topics are used as the basis of instruction. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==content objectives==
 +
* Lesson plan objectives that specify what students should know and be able to do by the end of a lesson related to the targeted academic content. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
* Lesson plan targets relating to the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#big idea(s)|big ideas]] or essential learning. Content objectives are more or less the same for all students. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
  
 
==contextual information==
 
==contextual information==
* Background information on students and their prior educational experiences which help frame the interpretation of data. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.wida.us/aboutUs/staffBios/AcadLangLit/margogottlieb.aspx Margo Gottlieb] and [http://www.neiu.edu/academics/college-of-education/faculty/ngoc-diep-t-nguyen-phd Diep Nguyen]
+
* Background information on students and their prior educational experiences that help frame the interpretation of data. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
  
 
==continua of biliteracy model==
 
==continua of biliteracy model==
* Framework developed by Nancy Hornberger to capture bilingual proficiency (oral-written; receptive-productive) as it is influenced by medium, context, and content. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#framework|Framework]] developed by [http://scholar.gse.upenn.edu/hornberger Nancy Hornberger] to capture [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] proficiency (oral-written; receptive-productive) as it is influenced by medium, context, and content. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 
 +
* A theoretical model conceived by [http://scholar.gse.upenn.edu/hornberger Hornberger] (2003) that posits an [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#L1|L1]]/[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#L2|L2]] continuum in which [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner(s) (BLs)|bilingual learning]] is maximized when students can draw from all their existing language skills in two languages. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
 +
 
 +
==continuous progress monitoring==
 +
* A scientific process to assess students’ academic performance, quantify rate of improvement or responsiveness to instruction, and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
 +
 
 +
==continuum of services framework==
 +
* A [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#framework|framework]] for assessing the learning challenges of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]], identifying appropriate systemic and specific interventions to address those challenges, and monitoring the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learner]]’s response to those interventions. This approach advocates descriptive analysis before explanatory analysis and the immediate provision of services independent of a formal categorization of the student as having a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#special education|special education]] need. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
  
 
==contrastive analysis==
 
==contrastive analysis==
* Practice in which bilinguals compare and contrast specific areas of their languages. Areas for contrastive analysis include [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#phonology|phonology]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#morphology|morphology]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#syntax|syntax]] and grammar, and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#pragmatics|pragmatics]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Practice in which [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilinguals]] compare and contrast specific areas of their languages. Areas for contrastive analysis include [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#phonology|phonology]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#morphology|morphology]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#syntax|syntax]] and grammar, and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#pragmatics|pragmatics]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 +
 
 +
==convergent biliterate model of language and literacy==
 +
* A model of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#biliteracy/biliterate|biliteracy]] where the interaction with a written text follows the language of the text but where minority literacy practices are calqued (copied) on majority literacy practices.  [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
 +
 
 +
==convergent monoliterate model of language and literacy==
 +
* A model of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#biliteracy/biliterate|biliteracy]] where the text is only in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#dominant language|dominant language]] but the interactions around the text can occur using the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#minority or dominated languages|minority language]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
 +
 
 +
==conversational discourse==
 +
* Refers to the ways speakers use language for extended, back-and-forth, and purposeful communication. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==conversational fluency/conversational language proficiency==
 
==conversational fluency/conversational language proficiency==
* See [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)|BICS]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [http://www.ric.edu/tesl/faculty.php Nancy Cloud], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/judah-lakin/11/578/990 Judah Lakin], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/erin-leininger/9/84b/358 Erin Leininger], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/laura-maxwell/46/4a8/167 Laura Maxwell]
+
* See [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)|BICS]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]  
 +
 
 +
* The language people use in everyday communication, or social language, developed primarily through conversation. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
* The type of English that is acquired through everyday social interaction. It generally takes [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] approximately one to two years to acquire conversational fluency. Contrast [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic language proficiency|academic language proficiency]]. [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/187/ Cummins] used the term [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)|basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)]] to refer to this concept in his earlier work.  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
 +
 
 +
* The highly contextualized language productions used during everyday conversation in face-to-face interaction, also known as [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#social language|social language]]. According to research, it generally takes one to three years for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] to develop [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#social language|social language]], while it takes much longer to develop the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic language|academic language]] necessary for school success. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
 +
 
 +
* The level of informal fluency in a language that is sufficient to support conversations and informal interactions, but is not quite at the level needed for full participation in academic learning—also known as playground fluency. Compare to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic fluency|Academic fluency]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
 +
 
 +
==cooperative learning==
 +
* A process in which small groups of students collaborate and interact to accomplish a specific learning task or activity. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==corpus planning==
 
==corpus planning==
* Language policy activities that focus on the language system itself, e.g., alphabetization. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* Language policy activities that focus on the language system itself (e.g., alphabetization). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 
 +
==corrective feedback==
 +
* Refers to various forms of feedback to language learners designed to help them recognize and correct errors in their language production. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==''corriente''==
 +
* The Spanish word for current, used here to indicate different and fluid language and cultural practices that flow through classrooms, even when invisible. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
 +
 
 +
==co-teaching==
 +
* A teaching model in which two experts with different backgrounds, such as an [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]] teacher and a general content teacher, teach a class together. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
  
 
==criterion-referenced measures==
 
==criterion-referenced measures==
* A form of assessment or testing based on established criteria, such as standards, rather than ranking based on the performance of students. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.wida.us/aboutUs/staffBios/AcadLangLit/margogottlieb.aspx Margo Gottlieb] and [http://www.neiu.edu/academics/college-of-education/faculty/ngoc-diep-t-nguyen-phd Diep Nguyen]
+
* A form of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessment]] or testing based on established criteria, such as standards, rather than ranking based on the performance of students. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
 +
 
 +
==criterion-referenced test==
 +
* Test designed to measure the degree to which students have mastered tested content. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==critical language testing==
 +
* Language testing that takes into consideration a close examination of the uses and consequences of tests in education and society. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==critical metalinguistic awareness==
 +
* Refers to the ability to consciously reflect on the nature of language. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
 +
 
 +
==critical thinking skills==
 +
* The ability to make reasoned judgments that are logical and well thought out. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
  
 
==cross-cultural competence==
 
==cross-cultural competence==
* A goal of language education programs whereby students are able to comfortably interact and negotiate in various cultural settings and norms. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.wida.us/aboutUs/staffBios/AcadLangLit/margogottlieb.aspx Margo Gottlieb] and [http://www.neiu.edu/academics/college-of-education/faculty/ngoc-diep-t-nguyen-phd Diep Nguyen]
+
* A goal of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language education|language education]] programs whereby students are able to comfortably interact and negotiate in various cultural settings and norms. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
  
 
==cross-language connections==
 
==cross-language connections==
* The ability to use one language to analyze and understand a second language. Cross-language connections enable children to develop metacognitive abilities and knowledge about their two languages and how they are the same and different. Cross-language connections are bidirectional. This project uses two types of cross language connections. The first cross-language connection refers to specific methods that the model has adapted from Mexico and modified for use in U.S. English/Spanish literacy programs. The second focuses on teaching children the metacognitive linguistic skills of cross-language expression in reading and writing. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/kathy-escamilla Kathy Escamilla], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/susan-hopewell Susan Hopewell], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/sandra-butvilofsky%C2%A0 Sandra Butvilofsky], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/wendy-sparrow Wendy Sparrow], [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/lucinda-soltero-gonz%C3%A1lez Lucinda Soltero-González], [http://literacysquared.org/?page_id=185 Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa], and [http://www.colorado.edu/education/people/manuel-escamilla Manuel Escamilla]
+
* The ability to use one language to analyze and understand a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]]. Cross-language connections enable children to develop [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#metacognition|metacognitive]] abilities and knowledge about their two languages and how they are the same and different. Cross-language connections are [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bidirectional transfer|bidirectional]]. This project uses two types of cross-language connections. The first refers to specific methods that the model has adapted from Mexico and modified for use in U.S. English/Spanish [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] programs. The second focuses on teaching children the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#metacognition/metacognitive awareness/understanding|metacognitive]] linguistic skills of cross-language expression in reading and writing. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
 
==cross-linguistic transfer==
 
==cross-linguistic transfer==
* Application of a skill or concept learned in one language to a second language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [http://www.teachingforbiliteracy.com/about/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Application of a skill or concept learned in one language to a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#second language|second language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
 
==cross-sectional data==
 
==cross-sectional data==
* The comparison of the same type of information on different groups of students from year to year, such as examining the achievement of 3rd graders. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.wida.us/aboutUs/staffBios/AcadLangLit/margogottlieb.aspx Margo Gottlieb] and [http://www.neiu.edu/academics/college-of-education/faculty/ngoc-diep-t-nguyen-phd Diep Nguyen]
+
* The comparison of the same type of information on different groups of students from year to year, such as examining the achievement of 3rd graders. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
 +
 
 +
==cross-training==
 +
* Professional learning opportunities in which teachers with one type of expertise (e.g., content teachers) gain skills in another area (e.g., language learning and teaching). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
==crosswalks==
 +
* Ready-made channels for content and language educators to begin to develop a common language and exchange instructional assessment strategies. The primary crosswalk between content and language development standards is the use of academic language to promote learning. From 6.2 (Hilliard and Gottlieb) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==cultural bias==
 
==cultural bias==
* Occurs when test item assume background knowledge that is embedded in specific cultural experiences. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [http://education.ufl.edu/faculty/de-jong-ester/ Ester de Jong]
+
* Occurs when test items assume background knowledge that is embedded in specific cultural experiences. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/ Ester de Jong]
 +
 
 +
==cultural competence==
 +
* The ability to maintain one’s own cultural stance while respecting the perspectives of another. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
* The ability of educators to successfully teach students who come from cultures other than their own. Cultural competence entails developing certain personal and interpersonal awareness and sensitivities, developing certain bodies of cultural knowledge, and mastering a set of skills that, taken together, underlie effective cross-cultural teaching ([https://www.wi.edu/psyd-faculty-jerry-diller Diller] & [http://ecampus.oregonstate.edu/about/learn-more/faculty/moule.htm Moule], 2005). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
 
==cultural distance==
 
==cultural distance==
* The degree of emotional or psychological closeness felt between members of two cultural groups, usually because their values and ways of doing things are similar. It refers to one’s willingness to associate with members of another group because of the degree of affinity felt. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [http://www.ric.edu/tesl/faculty.php Nancy Cloud], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/judah-lakin/11/578/990 Judah Lakin], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/erin-leininger/9/84b/358 Erin Leininger], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/laura-maxwell/46/4a8/167 Laura Maxwell]
+
* The degree of emotional or psychological closeness felt between members of two cultural groups, usually because their values and ways of doing things are similar. It refers to one’s willingness to associate with members of another group because of the degree of affinity felt. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
 +
 
 +
==culturally responsive teachers==
 +
* Teachers who provide instruction that relates to students’ cultural backgrounds in terms of content and learning orientation and style while preparing them to participate in new cultural practices. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
==culturally sustaining pedagogies==
 +
* Pedagogies that aim to address issues of power and social inequities through positive social transformation by sustaining linguistic, literate, and cultural pluralism in classrooms and schools. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==culture shock==
 
==culture shock==
* The anxiety and feelings of disorientation and confusion produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. The physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin and is unsure as to what is appropriate and what is not. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [http://www.ric.edu/tesl/faculty.php Nancy Cloud], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/judah-lakin/11/578/990 Judah Lakin], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/erin-leininger/9/84b/358 Erin Leininger], [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/laura-maxwell/46/4a8/167 Laura Maxwell]
+
* The anxiety and feelings of disorientation and confusion produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. The physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin and is unsure as to what is appropriate and what is not. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
 +
 
 +
*A stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar cultural environment to an unfamiliar one, and the individual feels disoriented and threatened.[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
 +
 
 +
==culture stress==
 +
* Refers to the long-term impact of dealing with cultural differences.[https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/ <i>Differentiating Instruction and Assessment: A Guide for K–12 Teachers</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/26/differentiating-instruction-and-assessment/authors/ Shelley Fairbairn and Stephaney Jones-Vo]
  
 
  [[#Caslon Language Education Index|Top]]
 
  [[#Caslon Language Education Index|Top]]

Latest revision as of 19:49, 19 July 2019

Contents

Caslon Language Education Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

calco (calque)

Canadian immersion programs

Castañeda v. Pickard

choral reading

circular discourse pattern

circumstantial bilingualism

Civil Rights Act (1974)

close reading

clustering

code-switching

cognate(s)

cognate languages

cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)

  • The second stage of the course of language development for English language learners/emergent bilinguals as explained by Cummins (1981). It is preceded by basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS). This formulation was very helpful in alerting educators to the possibility that second language learners who sounded fluent might still struggle with many language tasks. Nonetheless, it was widely unrecognized that the BICS–CALP sequence is neither universal nor inevitable. From 2.4 (Snow) in Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners edited by Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro

cognitive approaches

coherence

collaboration

collaborative inquiry

collaborative lesson planning

collaborative reading

collaborative writing

collectivistic

collocations

common assessments

Common Core State Standards (CCSS)

common measures

common underlying proficiency (CUP)

communicative competence

communicative function

  • The purposes for which language is used. Includes three broad functions: communication (the transmission of information), integration (expression of affiliation and belonging to a particular social group), and expression (the display of individual feelings, ideas, and personality). Examples include asking for or giving information, describing past actions, expressing feelings, and expressing regret. Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners by Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell

communicative language teaching (CLT)

community-based language schools

comparative analysis

complex texts

  • Texts that may be above a students’ independent reading level but that can be made comprehensible through careful scaffolding. Complex texts vary in terms of genre and typically have one or

more of the following features: high lexical density, complex syntax, implicit meaning, figurative language, archaic language, literary devices, and others. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

comprehensible input

  • Language input provided in the classroom in way that is easier for DLL students to understand. This includes the intentional choice of familiar words along with scaffolding cues, such as visual or gestural supports, for understanding new words. Young Dual Language Learners by Karen N. Nemeth
  • A term coined by Krashen (1985) that describes the scaffolding process in which teachers explicitly adjust their speech and use instructional supports so that new information is understood. ESL teachers implement comprehensible input by explaining concepts and academic tasks clearly. They use speech appropriate for students’ language proficiency (slower rate, gestures, simple sentences) without using slang or idioms. They use visuals, graphic organizers, word sorts, word maps, and Venn diagrams to teach vocabulary words and support instruction throughout the lessons. Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners by Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King

comprehensible output

  • Oral or written language produced by a second language speaker that is comprehensible to the individual or individuals with whom he or she is communicating. Second language learners’ need to produce comprehensible output pushes them to pay attention to gaps in their proficiency and thus may prompt them to notice more in the input and motivate them to learn the language they need to express their intended meanings. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

comprehensive language education programs

comprehensive support and improvement (CSI)

concept attainment

  • Instructional strategy in which students are provided with a series of appropriate and inappropriate examples of a new concept. Students analyze these appropriate and inappropriate examples to formulate a definition of the concept (Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin, 1956). Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

concepts of print

  • Refers to such reading-related issues as understanding the differences between letters and words and words and spaces; knowing where to start reading and how to do a return sweep to continue reading the next line; and understanding the basic features of a book, such as title, front and back cover, and even how to hold the book properly. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

concurrent translation

connecting language environments

consequential validity

  • Validity concerns focused on the consequences associated with the interpretation and use of test scores. Emphasizes that decisions with high-stakes consequences for students, teachers, and schools should not be based on invalid interpretations of student test scores. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

consultation method

  • An alternative to push-in or pull-out services, in which an English as a second language (ESL) teacher provides consultative support to the classroom teacher but does not provide direct services to a particular child. This method is used in some early childhood programs, particularly at the preschool level. The ESL teacher assists in assessing the child’s language support needs and collaborates with the classroom teacher to plan the teaching strategies to meet the child’s needs. Supports are not provided in isolated periods of direct service, which means they can be embedded in the child’s school day, all day, every day, by the classroom teacher and any other specialists who might work with that child. Compare to pull-out supports/instructions/methods and push-in supports/instructions/methods. Young Dual Language Learners by Karen N. Nemeth

content allocation

content assessment

content-area journal

content-based instruction (CBI)

content objectives

contextual information

continua of biliteracy model

continuous progress monitoring

continuum of services framework

contrastive analysis

convergent biliterate model of language and literacy

convergent monoliterate model of language and literacy

conversational discourse

conversational fluency/conversational language proficiency

  • The level of informal fluency in a language that is sufficient to support conversations and informal interactions, but is not quite at the level needed for full participation in academic learning—also known as playground fluency. Compare to Academic fluency. Young Dual Language Learners by Karen N. Nemeth

cooperative learning

corpus planning

corrective feedback

corriente

co-teaching

criterion-referenced measures

criterion-referenced test

critical language testing

critical metalinguistic awareness

critical thinking skills

cross-cultural competence

cross-language connections

cross-linguistic transfer

cross-sectional data

cross-training

crosswalks

cultural bias

cultural competence

cultural distance

culturally responsive teachers

culturally sustaining pedagogies

culture shock

culture stress

Top