Difference between revisions of "Caslon Language Education Wikimedia (S)"

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* Instructional strategy in which student partnerships or small groups read a portion of text and then stop and say and, sometimes, write a reaction, supported by a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sentence prompt|sentence prompt]] for summary, prediction, question and answer, or personal or academic connection. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 
* Instructional strategy in which student partnerships or small groups read a portion of text and then stop and say and, sometimes, write a reaction, supported by a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sentence prompt|sentence prompt]] for summary, prediction, question and answer, or personal or academic connection. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
==scaffolding==
+
==scaffolds/scaffolding==
* A guided learning technique in which teachers modify the language demands placed on students to match the language level of students and add other supports to their verbal instruction ([[#scaffolding|scaffolds]]) that enhance communication, such as visuals, hands-on learning, and high levels of interaction to insure understanding (see [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered instruction]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
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* A guided learning technique in which teachers modify the language demands placed on students to match the language level of students and add other supports to their verbal instruction (scaffolds) that enhance communication, such as visuals, hands-on learning, and high levels of interaction to insure understanding (see [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered instruction]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
  
* A term used to describe the visual, graphic, and temporary supports that help [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] comprehend new information as they develop English language proficiency ([https://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/about-us/people/pauline-gibbons/ Gibbons, 2002]). These supports include modeling, questioning, feedback, student interaction, graphic organizers, and other supports ([http://web.csulb.edu/~jechev/ Echevarria]] et al., 2004). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
+
* Supports (e.g., use of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#first language|first language]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(T)#total physical response (TPR)|total physical response]], working with a partner or small group) that help move students to ever deeper levels of thinking and independence in learning and using language. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
  
* Support or assistance provided to a student within his or her zone of proximal development by a more knowledgeable other (e.g., teacher, peer) to help the student learn a new concept or develop new skills. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* A social, interactive tool through which teachers and students can work together to create a wider range of opportunities for content learning and language development through different types of structured participation. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/18/enriching-practice-linguistically-and-culturally-d/ <i>Enriching Practice in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms: A Guide for Teachers and Teacher Educators</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/18/enriching-practice-linguistically-and-culturally-d/authors/ Eva Ponte, Christina Higgins]
 +
 
 +
* Providing learners with temporary support that allows them to complete a task that they could not complete independently. From 5.8 (Graves) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
* A term used to describe the visual, graphic, and temporary supports that help [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] comprehend new information as they develop English language proficiency ([https://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/about-us/people/pauline-gibbons/ Gibbons, 2002]). These supports include modeling, questioning, feedback, student interaction, graphic organizers, and other supports ([http://web.csulb.edu/~jechev/ Echevarria] et al., 2004). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 +
 
 +
* Support or assistance provided to a student within his or her [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(Z)#zone of proximal development (ZPD)|zone of proximal development (ZPD)]] by a more knowledgeable other (e.g., teacher, peer) to help the student learn a new concept or develop new skills. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==second dialect speakers==
 +
* These speakers have five common characteristics: (1) They typically self-identify as native speakers of English, regardless of their actual proficiency in standardized forms of spoken or written English. (2) Many are struggling readers and writers of standard American English. (3) Those with low levels of literacy often face the same challenges in reading and writing as beginning level English as a second language students. (4) Their vernacular is stigmatized and discouraged both in school and in their own communities. (5) They often exhibit ambivalent attitudes toward their own vernacular—simultaneously celebrating and denigrating it, depending on the context. From 2.11 (Nero) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==second language==
 
==second language==
 
* A language learned at a later stage than the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(N)#native language|native language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 
* A language learned at a later stage than the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(N)#native language|native language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 +
==second language acquisition==
 +
* The learning of a new language after a child or adult has already gained competence in their first or “native” language. From 2.3 (Dixon) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 +
* Influenced by a much wider variety of factors (e.g., age, first language skills, relation of first to second language, literacy skills) than first language acquisition. From 2.4 (Snow) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==self-assessment==
 
==self-assessment==
 
* Students’ monitoring and analysis of their work in which they reflect on their strategies, products, and processes of learning. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
 
* Students’ monitoring and analysis of their work in which they reflect on their strategies, products, and processes of learning. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
  
* Students’ [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessment]] of their own performance, typically guided by a checklist or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(R)#rubric(s)|rubric]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
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* Students’ [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessment]] of their own performance, typically guided by a checklist or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(R)#rubric(s)|rubric]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==self-contained second language programs==
 
==self-contained second language programs==
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* Study of the meanings of words, especially the differences in word meanings based on context. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 
* Study of the meanings of words, especially the differences in word meanings based on context. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
* The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==semilingualism==  
 
==semilingualism==  
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==sensory, graphic, and interactive supports==
 
==sensory, graphic, and interactive supports==
* Instructional strategies that help [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] develop [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic language|academic language]] and understand classroom lessons. For example, sensory supports include visuals, real-life objects, songs, drawings, videos, etc. Graphic supports include multiple varieties of graphic organizers, charts, timelines, etc. Interactive supports include small group interaction, working with partners, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]], internet websites, instructional software, etc. (Gottlieb et al., 2007). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
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* Instructional strategies that help [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] develop [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#academic language|academic language]] and understand classroom lessons. For example, sensory supports include visuals, real-life objects, songs, drawings, videos, etc. Graphic supports include multiple varieties of graphic organizers, charts, timelines, etc. Interactive supports include small group interaction, working with partners, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]], internet websites, instructional software, etc. ([https://www.wida.us/standards/resource_guide_web.pdf Gottlieb et al., 2007]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
 
==sentence prompt (<i>frase clave</i>)==
 
==sentence prompt (<i>frase clave</i>)==
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==separate underlying proficiency (SUP)==
 
==separate underlying proficiency (SUP)==
* Developed by [http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/cerll/FACULTY/CERLL_Faculty/Jim_Cummins/index.html Cummins]; refers to the separateness of the two language systems of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilinguals]], best represented by a container view of two separate systems competing for cognitive space. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
+
* Developed by [https://www.casloncommunity.com/resources/187/ Cummins]; refers to the separateness of the two language systems of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilinguals]], best represented by a container view of two separate systems competing for cognitive space. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
 
==separation biliterate model of language and literacy==
 
==separation biliterate model of language and literacy==
 
* Uses only the specific language in which the text is written to interact with that text, according to appropriate sociocultural and discourse norms. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
 
* Uses only the specific language in which the text is written to interact with that text, according to appropriate sociocultural and discourse norms. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
  
==sequential bilingual learner==
+
==sequential bilingual(s)==
* Instructional strategy in which student partnerships or small groups read a portion of text and then stop and say and, sometimes, write a reaction, supported by a sentence prompt for summary, prediction, question and answer, or personal or academic connection. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
+
* Individuals who learn one language at home and then acquire another language later in school. From 1.10 (Beeman and Urow) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
==sequential bilingual learner(s)==
 +
* Student who has developed one language and is learning a second language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 +
 
 +
* Someone who becomes [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual learner|bilingual]] by learning one language at birth and learning another at a later point in time, often at the beginning of formal education. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
  
 
==sequential bilingualism==
 
==sequential bilingualism==
 
* The process by which a person becomes [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] by first learning one language and then learning the other. This situation occurs most naturally when students leave their homes in which a language other than English is commonly spoken or immigrate to another country after being raised and schooled in another language environment (see [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#simultaneous bilingualism|simultaneous bilingualism]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]  
 
* The process by which a person becomes [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] by first learning one language and then learning the other. This situation occurs most naturally when students leave their homes in which a language other than English is commonly spoken or immigrate to another country after being raised and schooled in another language environment (see [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#simultaneous bilingualism|simultaneous bilingualism]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]  
  
* The development of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] in a [[#second language|second language]] after [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] has been developed in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#first language|first language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* The development of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] in a [[#second language|second language]] after [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] has been developed in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(F)#first language|first language]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==sequential language acquisition==
 
==sequential language acquisition==
* The process through which a language learner first acquires one language and later acquires a second or additional language; this stands in contrast to the notion of [[#simultaneous language acquisition|simultaneous language acquisition]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
* The process through which a language learner first acquires one language and later acquires a second or additional language; this stands in contrast to the notion of [[#simultaneous language acquisition|simultaneous language acquisition]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
 
==sequential language learning==  
 
==sequential language learning==  
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* A reading approach in which the teacher reads for and with the children. It calls for more direct student involvement in the actual reading of the text. Teachers engage children in guided dialogue to extend their understanding of texts and to enrich their oral language repertoire. They also encourage students to articulate (not only observe) [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#cross-language connections|cross-language connections]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 
* A reading approach in which the teacher reads for and with the children. It calls for more direct student involvement in the actual reading of the text. Teachers engage children in guided dialogue to extend their understanding of texts and to enrich their oral language repertoire. They also encourage students to articulate (not only observe) [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#cross-language connections|cross-language connections]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
* Reading instruction in which the teacher reads a big book or other source of enlarged text with the students, modeling a variety of reading strategies and using the text (once it is familiar to the students) to teach reading skills. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Reading instruction in which the teacher reads a big book or other source of enlarged text with the students, modeling a variety of reading strategies and using the text (once it is familiar to the students) to teach reading skills. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==shared writing==
 
==shared writing==
 
* An instructional approach in which the teacher and students take turns constructing a written text together. All the students in the class participate in the writing of the text by sharing the pen with the teacher, copying from the board, or encoding the text in their own notebooks. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 
* An instructional approach in which the teacher and students take turns constructing a written text together. All the students in the class participate in the writing of the text by sharing the pen with the teacher, copying from the board, or encoding the text in their own notebooks. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
  
* Writing instruction in which the teacher, in collaboration with the students, constructs an enlarged text (e.g., on chart paper). Students suggest sentences and revisions and the teacher models the use of a variety of writing strategies students are expected to use in their own writing. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Writing instruction in which the teacher, in collaboration with the students, constructs an enlarged text (e.g., on chart paper). Students suggest sentences and revisions and the teacher models the use of a variety of writing strategies students are expected to use in their own writing. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==sheltered (content) instruction==
 
==sheltered (content) instruction==
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* An approach within language education programs that serves [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] from multiple language backgrounds with the goal of development of academic language in [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#L2|L2]] (English) through content and applies to Spanish as a second language (SSL) in Spanish to English speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
 
* An approach within language education programs that serves [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] from multiple language backgrounds with the goal of development of academic language in [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#L2|L2]] (English) through content and applies to Spanish as a second language (SSL) in Spanish to English speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
  
* Offers [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] grade-level core content courses taught in English using instructional strategies that make the content concepts accessible while students are acquiring [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English as a second language]]. These programs and courses are sometimes referred to as [[#sheltered English immersion (SEI)|sheltered English immersion]] or [[#specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)|specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)]]. The term sheltered instruction may also be used to describe pedagogy rather than a program design. Sheltered instruction practices and individual sheltered instruction courses can be and often are implemented in conjunction with other program alternatives.  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
* Offers [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] grade-level core content courses taught in English using instructional strategies that make the content concepts accessible while students are acquiring [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English as a second language]]. These programs and courses are sometimes referred to as [[#sheltered English immersion (SEI)|sheltered English immersion]] or [[#specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)|specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)]]. The term sheltered instruction may also be used to describe pedagogy rather than a program design. Sheltered instruction practices and individual sheltered instruction courses can be and often are implemented in conjunction with other program alternatives.  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
 
* Sheltered instruction Educational services that offer [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] access to grade-level core content courses taught in English using instructional strategies designed to make the content concepts comprehensible while students are acquiring English. Such programs/classes are sometimes referred to as [[#sheltered English immersion (SEI)|sheltered English immersion (SEI)]] or [[#specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)|specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)]]. The term sheltered instruction may also be used to describe actual instructional strategies (such as those designed to make content comprehensible to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] in the academic mainstream) rather than to a program design.[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
 
* Sheltered instruction Educational services that offer [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] access to grade-level core content courses taught in English using instructional strategies designed to make the content concepts comprehensible while students are acquiring English. Such programs/classes are sometimes referred to as [[#sheltered English immersion (SEI)|sheltered English immersion (SEI)]] or [[#specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)|specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)]]. The term sheltered instruction may also be used to describe actual instructional strategies (such as those designed to make content comprehensible to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] in the academic mainstream) rather than to a program design.[http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
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* A term used to describe instruction in any subject that is provided in English but taught in a manner that makes it comprehensible to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELL]] students while promoting their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]]. Learning the academic content is the goal ([http://web.csulb.edu/~jechev/ Echevarria], 2007). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 
* A term used to describe instruction in any subject that is provided in English but taught in a manner that makes it comprehensible to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELL]] students while promoting their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]]. Learning the academic content is the goal ([http://web.csulb.edu/~jechev/ Echevarria], 2007). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
* Grade-level content-area instruction provided in English in a manner that makes it comprehensible to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] while supporting their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Grade-level content-area instruction provided in English in a manner that makes it comprehensible to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] while supporting their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==sheltered English immersion (SEI)==
 
==sheltered English immersion (SEI)==
* A program model for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] that combines [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English-as-a-second language]] instruction, [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. Sometimes called structured English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]].  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
* A program model for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] that combines [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English-as-a-second language]] instruction, [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. Sometimes called structured English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]].  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
 
* A program model for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#dual language learner (DLL)|DLLs]] that combines [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] instruction, [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. It may also be called structured English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
 
* A program model for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(D)#dual language learner (DLL)|DLLs]] that combines [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] instruction, [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. It may also be called structured English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
  
* A program model for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] that combines [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English as a second language (ESL)]], [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. Sometimes called structured English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* A program model for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] that combines [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English as a second language (ESL)]], [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. Sometimes called <i>structured English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]]</i>. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==sheltered English instruction==
 
==sheltered English instruction==
 
* See specially designed academic instruction in English ([[#specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)|SDAIE]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 
* See specially designed academic instruction in English ([[#specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)|SDAIE]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 +
==sheltered instruction==
 +
* Grade-level content-area instruction provided in English in a manner that makes it comprehensible to [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] while supporting their  [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language development (ELD)|English language development]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [http://www.edci.purdue.edu/faculty_profiles/wright/index.html Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)==
 
==Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)==
* A research-based approach for sheltered instruction that helps [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] develop oral [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] while building academic English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] skills and content area knowledge. The SIOP Institute, trademark, and copyright are owned by [http://www.k12pearson.com/teach_learn_cycle/LessonLab/lssnlb.html LessonLab/Pearson Education]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
* A research-based approach for sheltered instruction that helps [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] develop oral [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] while building academic English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] skills and content area knowledge. The SIOP Institute, trademark, and copyright are owned by [http://www.k12pearson.com/teach_learn_cycle/LessonLab/lssnlb.html LessonLab/Pearson Education]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
 
* A research-based approach for [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]] that helps [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] develop oral [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] while building academic English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] skills and content-area knowledge. The SIOP Institute trademark and copyright are owned by [http://www.k12pearson.com/teach_learn_cycle/LessonLab/lssnlb.html LessonLab/Pearson Education]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
 
* A research-based approach for [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered content-area instruction]] that helps [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] develop oral [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] while building academic English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] skills and content-area knowledge. The SIOP Institute trademark and copyright are owned by [http://www.k12pearson.com/teach_learn_cycle/LessonLab/lssnlb.html LessonLab/Pearson Education]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
  
* An instructional model and tool for planning, implementing, and evaluating [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered English content-area instruction]] developed by [http://web.csulb.edu/~jechev/ Echevarria], [http://www.allynbaconmerrill.com/authors/bio.aspx?a=ab70a900-8da8-432e-bf9c-e5a5c6add726 Vogt], and [http://www.cal.org/create/partners/investigators/deborah-short.html Short] (2013). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* An instructional model and tool for planning, implementing, and evaluating [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered English content-area instruction]] developed by [http://web.csulb.edu/~jechev/ Echevarria], [http://www.allynbaconmerrill.com/authors/bio.aspx?a=ab70a900-8da8-432e-bf9c-e5a5c6add726 Vogt], and [http://www.cal.org/create/partners/investigators/deborah-short.html Short] (2013). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==silent period==
 
==silent period==
* A period many new learners of a [[#second language|second language]] go through before they feel comfortable speaking in the new language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
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* A period many new learners of a [[#second language|second language]] go through before they feel comfortable speaking in the new language. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
==simultaneous bilingualism==
+
==simultaneous bilingual(s)==  
*The process by which a person becomes [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] by learning two languages at the same time. This situation occurs most naturally when students are raised in a home and community where two languages are actively spoken. Generally, in order to be considered a [[#simultaneous bilingual learner|simultaneous bilingual]], a child must learn both languages prior to the age of three (see [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sequential bilingualism|sequential bilingualism]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]  
+
* Children who grow up using two (or more) languages at home. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
* The development of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] in two languages at the same time. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Individuals who have been exposed to two or more languages together, typically from birth to age 5 (Swanson, 2009). From 1.10 (Beeman and Urow) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
==simultaneous bilingual learner==
+
==simultaneous bilingual learner(s)==
 
* Student who has been exposed to two languages since before age 3. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 
* Student who has been exposed to two languages since before age 3. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
==simultaneous bilinguals==
 
 
* Children who develop two languages at the same time. Definitions of simultaneous bilingualism vary, but it is generally thought to be exposure to and acquisition of two languages before the age of 5. Simultaneous bilinguals can be circumstantial (those who learn a [[#second language|second language]] because of their circumstances, such as immigrants or children of foreign students in universities) or elective (those whose parents choose to teach them two languages). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 
* Children who develop two languages at the same time. Definitions of simultaneous bilingualism vary, but it is generally thought to be exposure to and acquisition of two languages before the age of 5. Simultaneous bilinguals can be circumstantial (those who learn a [[#second language|second language]] because of their circumstances, such as immigrants or children of foreign students in universities) or elective (those whose parents choose to teach them two languages). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 +
 +
* Someone who learns two or more languages at the same time. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
 +
 +
==simultaneous bilingualism==
 +
*The process by which a person becomes [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] by learning two languages at the same time. This situation occurs most naturally when students are raised in a home and community where two languages are actively spoken. Generally, in order to be considered a [[#simultaneous bilingual learner|simultaneous bilingual]], a child must learn both languages prior to the age of three (see [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sequential bilingualism|sequential bilingualism]]). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/ <i>Teaching Adolescent English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/8/teaching-adolescent-english-language-learners-esse/authors/ Nancy Cloud, Judah Lakin, Erin Leininger, Laura Maxwell]
 +
 +
* The development of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] in two languages at the same time. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==simultaneous biliteracy development==
 
==simultaneous biliteracy development==
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* Acquisition of two languages at the same time, generally before the age of 3 (also [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] acquisition). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 
* Acquisition of two languages at the same time, generally before the age of 3 (also [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] acquisition). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
* The process by which a learner acquires more than one language at the same time (contrast [[#sequential language acquisition|sequential language acquisition]]).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
* The process by which a learner acquires more than one language at the same time (contrast [[#sequential language acquisition|sequential language acquisition]]).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
 
* The learning of two or more languages at the same time, for example, when a father and mother speak different languages to the child. The child is considered to be experiencing simultaneous language acquisition if one or more of the languages is introduced before he or she turns 3 years old, and [[#sequential language acquisition|sequential language acquisition]] if the [[#second language|second language]] is introduced after age 3. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
 
* The learning of two or more languages at the same time, for example, when a father and mother speak different languages to the child. The child is considered to be experiencing simultaneous language acquisition if one or more of the languages is introduced before he or she turns 3 years old, and [[#sequential language acquisition|sequential language acquisition]] if the [[#second language|second language]] is introduced after age 3. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]
Line 159: Line 187:
 
==Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium==
 
==Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium==
 
* Smarter Balanced is a public agency supported by 15 states, one territory, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Through the work of thousands of educators, Smarter Balanced created an on-line [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessment]] system aligned to the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#Common Core State Standards (CCSS)|Common Core State Standards (CCSS)]], as well as tools for educators to improve teaching and learning. Smarter Balanced is housed at [https://gseis.ucla.edu/ UCLA’s Graduate School of Education & Information Studies (GSE&IS)]. [http://www.smarterbalanced.org/about/ www.smarterbalanced.org]
 
* Smarter Balanced is a public agency supported by 15 states, one territory, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Through the work of thousands of educators, Smarter Balanced created an on-line [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessment]] system aligned to the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#Common Core State Standards (CCSS)|Common Core State Standards (CCSS)]], as well as tools for educators to improve teaching and learning. Smarter Balanced is housed at [https://gseis.ucla.edu/ UCLA’s Graduate School of Education & Information Studies (GSE&IS)]. [http://www.smarterbalanced.org/about/ www.smarterbalanced.org]
 +
 +
==sociocultural model of learning==
 +
* A model based on learning as a social process and the belief that language is learned through interactions. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/18/enriching-practice-linguistically-and-culturally-d/ <i>Enriching Practice in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms: A Guide for Teachers and Teacher Educators</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/18/enriching-practice-linguistically-and-culturally-d/authors/ Eva Ponte, Christina Higgins]
 +
 +
==sociocultural orientation==
 +
* This orientation is reflected in linguistically and culturally responsive curriculum, instruction, and assessment that builds on student and community strengths and resources in ways that benefit all learners. From 4.6 (Marler) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==sociocultural perspectives==
 
==sociocultural perspectives==
* Perspectives on language learning and teaching that focus on the sociocultural context surrounding the learner that facilitates the learning process. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Perspectives on language learning and teaching that focus on the sociocultural context surrounding the learner that facilitates the learning process. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==social language==
 
==social language==
Line 183: Line 217:
  
 
==SOLOM-R (Student Oral Language Observation Matrix-Revised)==
 
==SOLOM-R (Student Oral Language Observation Matrix-Revised)==
* An [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessment]] of students’ oral [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] using an analytic scoring [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(R)#rubric(s)|rubric]] that focuses on the aspects of comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. The original version, developed by [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] teachers in Southern California in the 1980s, has been revised for this book by the author to reflect current understanding of oral language development and to focus on what [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELL]] students can do at each level. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* An [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessment]] of students’ oral [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] using an analytic scoring [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(R)#rubric(s)|rubric]] that focuses on the aspects of comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. The original version, developed by [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingualism/multilingualism|bilingual]] teachers in Southern California in the 1980s, has been revised for this book by the author to reflect current understanding of oral language development and to focus on what [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELL]] students can do at each level. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==Spanglish==
 
==Spanglish==
Line 191: Line 225:
 
* A form of Spanish-as-a-foreign-language program that has been adapted to meet the needs of Spanish speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 
* A form of Spanish-as-a-foreign-language program that has been adapted to meet the needs of Spanish speakers. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
 
+
* A [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#heritage language|heritage language]] program for students who speak Spanish as a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home]] or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#heritage language|heritage language]]. These programs aim to broaden the linguistic repertoire of Spanish speakers, and they often focus on ensuring that Spanish speakers learn to read and write in Spanish (while not stigmatizing the vernacular variety of Spanish that the students speaks at home and in the community).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
* A [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#heritage language|heritage language]] program for students who speak Spanish as a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home]] or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#heritage language|heritage language]]. These programs aim to broaden the linguistic repertoire of Spanish speakers, and they often focus on ensuring that Spanish speakers learn to read and write in Spanish (while not stigmatizing the vernacular variety of Spanish that the students speaks at home and in the community).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
  
 
==Spanish literacy==
 
==Spanish literacy==
 
* The broad range of teaching and learning activities undertaken through the medium of the Spanish language, focusing on the integrated development of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(O)#oracy|oracy]], reading, and writing throughout the curriculum. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 
* The broad range of teaching and learning activities undertaken through the medium of the Spanish language, focusing on the integrated development of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(O)#oracy|oracy]], reading, and writing throughout the curriculum. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 +
 +
==speakers of nonstandard varieties of English==
 +
* Those students who primarily speak and/or write varieties of English that are not sanctioned by schools. Typically such varieties include syntactic, phonological, morphological, lexical features, meanings, and discourse norms that deviate from standard American English. From 2.11 (Nero) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==specials==
 
==specials==
Line 201: Line 237:
  
 
==special education==
 
==special education==
* Specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability, guided by regulations in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)|Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability, guided by regulations in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)|Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)==
 
==specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)==
 
* Instruction that is adapted for [[#second language|second language]] learners by the use of visuals, hands-on learning, and other strategies that make instruction in the second language more comprehensible. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 
* Instruction that is adapted for [[#second language|second language]] learners by the use of visuals, hands-on learning, and other strategies that make instruction in the second language more comprehensible. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
* Another term for [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered instruction]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
* Another term for [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered instruction]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
* Another term for [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered instruction]], preferred in California and other states because it places emphasis on the fact that such instruction is academically rigorous but specially designed to match the linguistic needs of the student. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Another term for [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered instruction]], preferred in California and other states because it places emphasis on the fact that such instruction is academically rigorous but specially designed to match the linguistic needs of the student. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==specific interventions==
 
==specific interventions==
Line 215: Line 251:
 
==stakeholders==
 
==stakeholders==
 
* Administrators, teachers, parents, and other adults who have specific roles in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs’]] progress and, therefore, share the responsibilities for the students’ success. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 
* Administrators, teachers, parents, and other adults who have specific roles in the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs’]] progress and, therefore, share the responsibilities for the students’ success. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 +
 +
==staircase to complexity==
 +
* Built into the Common Core English Language Arts standards—at each grade level students are expected to work with materials that are more demanding in content and language than those used the year  before. From 5.1 (Wong Fillmore and Blum Martinez) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==standard error of measurement (SEM)==
 
==standard error of measurement (SEM)==
* A statistical measure that indicates a range of trustworthiness of an individual student’s standardized test score. For example, the actual score of student who earned a score of 50 on a test with an SEM of 3 would be between 47 and 53 (e.g., 50 +/– 3). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* A statistical measure that indicates a range of trustworthiness of an individual student’s standardized test score. For example, the actual score of student who earned a score of 50 on a test with an SEM of 3 would be between 47 and 53 (e.g., 50 +/– 3). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==standard language ideology==
 
==standard language ideology==
Line 233: Line 272:
 
==steamer classes==
 
==steamer classes==
 
* 1-year classes for immigrants during the 1920s estabished in New York and Boston. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 
* 1-year classes for immigrants during the 1920s estabished in New York and Boston. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 +
 +
==stigmatized languages==
 +
* Languages, such as Hawai‘i Creole or African American English, without long histories of written traditions. Recognizing that these languages have a systematic grammatical structure can demonstrate their legitimacy. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/18/enriching-practice-linguistically-and-culturally-d/ <i>Enriching Practice in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms: A Guide for Teachers and Teacher Educators</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/18/enriching-practice-linguistically-and-culturally-d/authors/ Eva Ponte, Christina Higgins]
  
 
==strategic use of language==
 
==strategic use of language==
 
* The planned use of both languages to maximize learning and to achieve the greatest efficiency in the classroom environment. Do not confuse this method with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#concurrent translation|concurrent translation]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 
* The planned use of both languages to maximize learning and to achieve the greatest efficiency in the classroom environment. Do not confuse this method with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#concurrent translation|concurrent translation]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/ <i>Biliteracy from the Start</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/13/biliteracy-start/authors/ Kathy Escamilla, Susan Hopewell, Sandra Butvilofsky, Wendy Sparrow, Lucinda Soltero-González, Olivia Ruiz-Figueroa, and Manuel Escamilla]
 +
 +
==strategy/strategy development==
 +
* A learning process that supports understanding and critical thinking. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
  
 
==structured English immersion==
 
==structured English immersion==
 
* Mandated English-only option under [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#Proposition 227|Proposition 227]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#Proposition 203|Proposition 203]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(Q)#Question 2|Question 2]], defined primarily as an English language development program, though some states have interpreted it to include content instruction as well. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 
* Mandated English-only option under [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#Proposition 227|Proposition 227]], [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#Proposition 203|Proposition 203]], and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(Q)#Question 2|Question 2]], defined primarily as an English language development program, though some states have interpreted it to include content instruction as well. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
* Considered an [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] program in which instruction is in English only. It is only for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#emergent bilingual|emergent bilinguals]], and teachers modify the language used and the curriculum. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
+
* Considered an [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|ESL]] program in which instruction is in English only. It is only for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#emergent bilingual(s)|emergent bilinguals]], and teachers modify the language used and the curriculum. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
  
 
==student-led conferences==
 
==student-led conferences==
Line 246: Line 291:
  
 
==students with incomplete/interrupted formal education (SIFE)==
 
==students with incomplete/interrupted formal education (SIFE)==
* Refers to immigrant emergent bilingual students who have not received an adequate education in their countries of origin and therefore have low literacy in their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home languages]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
+
* Refers to immigrant [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#emergent bilingual(s)|emergent bilingual]] students who have not received an adequate education in their countries of origin and therefore have low literacy in their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home languages]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/<i>The Translanguaging Classroom</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/21/translanguaging-classrooms/authors/ Ofelia García, Susana Ibarra Johnson, and Kate Seltzer]
 +
 
 +
* A subgroup of English language learners (ELLs) who have at least two years of interrupted schooling, with some arriving in the United States with little or no formal schooling. From  1.10 (Flores) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
* In New York State, this term describes ELLs who are at least two years below grade level in home language literacy and math skills, as a result of interrupted or inconsistent schooling (New York State Education Department, 2014). Although this subgroup is often assumed to be homogenous, it is a very heterogeneous population. From 6.7 (McNamara and Smith) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
  
 
==submersion==
 
==submersion==
 
* This term describes a “sink-or swim” environment in which [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] are placed in general education classrooms with English-speaking students and a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#monolingual|monolingual]] English-speaking teacher. With good intentions, administrators and teachers hope that the non–English-speaking children will learn English by being “[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersed]]” in the language. The [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs’]] [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language|primary language]] is seldom used in the classroom or used sporadically for translation purposes. [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#|Literacy]] and academic content instruction as well as texts and supplemental materials are usually not designed or adapted for the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELL]] students. In the submersion classroom, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] are taught as if they do not have diverse academic and linguistic needs. As a result, the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]], especially the beginners, often miss important concepts and are not active, engaged, learners. (See contrasting definition of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]].) [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 
* This term describes a “sink-or swim” environment in which [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] are placed in general education classrooms with English-speaking students and a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(M)#monolingual|monolingual]] English-speaking teacher. With good intentions, administrators and teachers hope that the non–English-speaking children will learn English by being “[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersed]]” in the language. The [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs’]] [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language|primary language]] is seldom used in the classroom or used sporadically for translation purposes. [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#|Literacy]] and academic content instruction as well as texts and supplemental materials are usually not designed or adapted for the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELL]] students. In the submersion classroom, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] are taught as if they do not have diverse academic and linguistic needs. As a result, the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]], especially the beginners, often miss important concepts and are not active, engaged, learners. (See contrasting definition of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(I)#immersion|immersion]].) [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
* The process of placing [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] in a mainstream classroom where they do not receive any [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English as a second language (ESL)]], [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered-content instruction]], or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. Also called “sink-or-swim.” [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* The process of placing [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] in a mainstream classroom where they do not receive any [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English as a second language (ESL)|English as a second language (ESL)]], [[#sheltered (content) instruction|sheltered-content instruction]], or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support]]. Also called “<i>sink-or-swim</i>.” [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==substantial sheltered instruction methodology training==
 
==substantial sheltered instruction methodology training==
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* Acquisition of a [[#second language|second language]] that occurs at the expense of maintaining and developing the first language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
 
* Acquisition of a [[#second language|second language]] that occurs at the expense of maintaining and developing the first language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
  
* The process by which or context in which a [[#second language|second language]] is learned, but at the expense of the first one. As a person becomes more [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficient]] in the new language, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] in the first language diminishes, or worse, the person loses that first language altogether (contrast [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|additive bilingualism]]).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+
* The process by which or context in which a [[#second language|second language]] is learned, but at the expense of the first one. As a person becomes more [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficient]] in the new language, [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|proficiency]] in the first language diminishes, or worse, the person loses that first language altogether (contrast [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|additive bilingualism]]).  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
  
* The process describing the acquisition of a [[#second language|second language]] by an individual or group accompanied by loss or displacement of the first language. It is to be contrasted with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|additive bilingualism]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
+
* The process describing the acquisition of a [[#second language|second language]] by an individual or group accompanied by loss or displacement of the first language. It is to be contrasted with [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#additive bilingualism|additive bilingualism]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
  
 
* Describes the philosophy that [[#second language|second language]] learners need to exchange their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language|primary language]] for their new language, English. Programs with this philosophy do not use the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language|primary language]] to support learning. In some cases, any use of the students’ language is discouraged. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
 
* Describes the philosophy that [[#second language|second language]] learners need to exchange their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language|primary language]] for their new language, English. Programs with this philosophy do not use the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language|primary language]] to support learning. In some cases, any use of the students’ language is discouraged. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/ <i>Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/3/implementing-effective-instruction-english-languag/authors/ Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King]
  
* A situation in which a [[#second language|second language]] eventually replaces a student’s [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home language]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* A situation in which a [[#second language|second language]] eventually replaces a student’s [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language|home language]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==successive language acquisition==
 
==successive language acquisition==
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* The use of standard or standardized measures during a specified time frame, such as on an annual basis, that offers summary information on student performance or program effectiveness. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
 
* The use of standard or standardized measures during a specified time frame, such as on an annual basis, that offers summary information on student performance or program effectiveness. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/ <i>Assessment and Accountability in Language Education Programs</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/9/assessment-and-accountability-language-education-p/authors/ Margo Gottlieb and Diep Nguyen]
  
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|Assessments]] that provide a summary of what students know and can do. Typically given at the end of a unit or at the end of a school year. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* Measures to record student performance on standardized tests or at the conclusion of a unit of study. Results of these measures are often used in grading and/or program evaluations. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/ <i>The Literacy Club: Effective Instruction and Intervention for Linguistically Diverse Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/23/literacy-club/authors/ Kathryn Henn-Reinke and Xee Yang]
 +
 
 +
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|Assessments]] that provide a summary of what students know and can do. Typically given at the end of a unit or at the end of a school year. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
* Present cumulative data on student learning at the end of a particular time period (e.g., year). Thus, may be an awkward tool to truly inform instruction on a day-to-day level. From 7.8 (Ascenzi-Moreno) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
* A gauge of student achievement at the end of a period of learning. From 7.9 (Heritage) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]
 +
 
 +
* [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|Assessments]] that provide a summary of what students know and can do. Typically given at the end of a unit or at the end of a school year. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 +
 
 +
==superdiversity==
 +
* A term used to describe diversity across and within immigrant and ethnic groups; includes a range of factors beyond language and ethnicity (e.g., race, education level, country of origin, migration history, socioeconomic status). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==sustained silent reading (SSR)==
 
==sustained silent reading (SSR)==
Line 292: Line 352:
 
* Refers to word order within phrases and sentences (how phrases and sentences are constructed), and the rules that govern word order. Often paired with “grammar” to encompass the whole system of rules that describe a language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
 
* Refers to word order within phrases and sentences (how phrases and sentences are constructed), and the rules that govern word order. Often paired with “grammar” to encompass the whole system of rules that describe a language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
  
* The study of the rules governing the relationships between words and the ways they are combined to form phrases and sentences. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+
* The study of the rules governing the relationships between words and the ways they are combined to form phrases and sentences. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
  
 
==synthetic reading approaches==
 
==synthetic reading approaches==
Line 298: Line 358:
  
 
==systemic interventions==
 
==systemic interventions==
* Interventions designed to most appropriately address the challenges [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] encounter in school. These interventions are generally applied system-wide, at the school or district level. It is possible that these systemic interventions may lead to policy changes that affect education at an even more extensive level.  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
+
* Interventions designed to most appropriately address the challenges [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|English language learners]] encounter in school. These interventions are generally applied system-wide, at the school or district level. It is possible that these systemic interventions may lead to policy changes that affect education at an even more extensive level.  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
  
 
  [[#Caslon Language Education Index|Top]]
 
  [[#Caslon Language Education Index|Top]]

Latest revision as of 18:33, 19 July 2019

Contents

Caslon Language Education Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

say something; say something/write something

scaffolds/scaffolding

second dialect speakers

  • These speakers have five common characteristics: (1) They typically self-identify as native speakers of English, regardless of their actual proficiency in standardized forms of spoken or written English. (2) Many are struggling readers and writers of standard American English. (3) Those with low levels of literacy often face the same challenges in reading and writing as beginning level English as a second language students. (4) Their vernacular is stigmatized and discouraged both in school and in their own communities. (5) They often exhibit ambivalent attitudes toward their own vernacular—simultaneously celebrating and denigrating it, depending on the context. From 2.11 (Nero) in Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners edited by Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro

second language

second language acquisition

self-assessment

self-contained second language programs

semantic extension

  • A characteristic of Spanish in the United States; the expansion of the original meaning of Spanish words to include the meaning of a similar English word (e.g., “groserías”–groceries; “carpeta”–carpet). Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

semantics

semilingualism

sensory, graphic, and interactive supports

sentence prompt (frase clave)

separate underlying proficiency (SUP)

separation biliterate model of language and literacy

sequential bilingual(s)

sequential bilingual learner(s)

sequential bilingualism

sequential language acquisition

sequential language learning

shared reading

shared writing

  • Writing instruction in which the teacher, in collaboration with the students, constructs an enlarged text (e.g., on chart paper). Students suggest sentences and revisions and the teacher models the use of a variety of writing strategies students are expected to use in their own writing. Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

sheltered (content) instruction

sheltered English immersion (SEI)

sheltered English instruction

sheltered instruction

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)

silent period

simultaneous bilingual(s)

simultaneous bilingual learner(s)

simultaneous bilingualism

simultaneous biliteracy development

simultaneous language acquisition

single-dominance perspective

singlets

Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium

sociocultural model of learning

sociocultural orientation

sociocultural perspectives

social language

social language proficiency

social networks

societal or dominant language

SOCRATES

SOLOM-R (Student Oral Language Observation Matrix-Revised)

Spanglish

Spanish for native speakers (SNS)

Spanish literacy

speakers of nonstandard varieties of English

specials

special education

specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)

specific interventions

stakeholders

staircase to complexity

standard error of measurement (SEM)

  • A statistical measure that indicates a range of trustworthiness of an individual student’s standardized test score. For example, the actual score of student who earned a score of 50 on a test with an SEM of 3 would be between 47 and 53 (e.g., 50 +/– 3). Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners, third edition by Wayne E. Wright

standard language ideology

standard measures

standardized measures

status planning

steamer classes

stigmatized languages

strategic use of language

strategy/strategy development

structured English immersion

student-led conferences

students with incomplete/interrupted formal education (SIFE)

submersion

  • This term describes a “sink-or swim” environment in which ELLs are placed in general education classrooms with English-speaking students and a monolingual English-speaking teacher. With good intentions, administrators and teachers hope that the non–English-speaking children will learn English by being “immersed” in the language. The ELLs’ primary language is seldom used in the classroom or used sporadically for translation purposes. Literacy and academic content instruction as well as texts and supplemental materials are usually not designed or adapted for the ELL students. In the submersion classroom, ELLs are taught as if they do not have diverse academic and linguistic needs. As a result, the ELLs, especially the beginners, often miss important concepts and are not active, engaged, learners. (See contrasting definition of immersion.) Implementing Effective Instruction for English Language Learners by Suzanne Wagner and Tamara King

substantial sheltered instruction methodology training

subtractive bilingualism

successive language acquisition

summative assessment(s)

superdiversity

sustained silent reading (SSR)

  • A time dedicated to individual student reading. During this time, students are free to choose anything they want to read, including magazines, newspapers, and books on any subject and in either Spanish or English. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

symmetrical bilingual

  • A bilingual who has equal ability in both languages.

syntax

  • Refers to word order within phrases and sentences (how phrases and sentences are constructed), and the rules that govern word order. Often paired with “grammar” to encompass the whole system of rules that describe a language. Teaching for Biliteracy by Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow

synthetic reading approaches

systemic interventions

Top